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vicki gunvalson
LEER
david foster wallace
LEER
girl scouts
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taylor swift zac efron
LEER
the scream
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The
Scream
disambiguation
The
ScreamNorwegian
SkrikArtistEdvard
MunchYear1893TypeOil
tempera
and
pastel
on
cardboardDimensions91cm
73
5cm
36in
28
9in
LocationNational
Gallery
OsloThe
Scream
Norwegian
Skrik
created
in
1893
1910
1
is
the
title
of
Expressionist
paintings
and
prints
in
a
series
by
Norwegian
artist
Edvard
Munch
showing
an
agonized
figure
against
a
blood
red
sky
The
landscape
in
the
background
is
the
Oslofjord
viewed
from
the
pier
in
Horten
Norway
Edvard
Munch
created
several
versions
of
The
Scream
in
various
media
The
Munch
Museum
holds
one
of
two
painted
versions
1910
see
gallery
and
one
pastel
The
National
Gallery
of
Norway
holds
the
other
painted
version
1893
shown
to
right
A
fourth
version
in
pastel
is
owned
by
Norwegian
businessman
Petter
Olsen
which
will
be
offered
at
auction
in
May
2012
2
Munch
also
created
a
lithograph
of
the
image
in
1895
3
The
Scream
has
been
the
target
of
several
high
profile
art
thefts
In
1994
the
version
in
the
National
Gallery
was
stolen
It
was
recovered
several
months
later
In
2004
The
Scream
and
Madonna
were
stolen
from
the
Munch
Museum
and
recovered
two
years
later
Contents1
Sources
of
inspiration2
Thefts3
In
popular
culture4
Gallery5
References6
External
links
Sources
of
inspirationThe
original
German
title
given
to
the
work
by
Munch
was
Der
Schrei
der
Natur
The
Scream
of
Nature
The
Norwegian
word
skrik
is
usually
translated
as
scream
but
is
cognate
with
the
English
shriek
Occasionally
the
painting
has
been
called
The
Cry
In
a
page
in
his
diary
headed
Nice
22
01
1892
Munch
described
his
inspiration
for
the
image
thus
I
was
walking
along
a
path
with
two
friends
the
sun
was
setting
suddenly
the
sky
turned
blood
red
I
paused
feeling
exhausted
and
leaned
on
the
fence
there
was
blood
and
tongues
of
fire
above
the
blue
black
fjord
and
the
city
my
friends
walked
on
and
I
stood
there
trembling
with
anxiety
and
I
sensed
an
infinite
scream
passing
through
nature
One
theory
advanced
to
account
for
the
reddish
sky
in
the
background
is
that
the
powerful
volcanic
eruption
of
Krakatoa
tinted
the
sky
red
in
parts
of
the
Western
hemisphere
for
a
few
months
in
1883
and
1884
about
a
decade
before
Munch
painted
The
Scream
4
This
explanation
has
been
disputed
by
scholars
who
note
that
Munch
was
an
expressive
painter
and
was
not
primarily
interested
in
literal
renderings
of
what
he
had
seen
Alternatively
it
has
been
suggested
that
the
proximity
of
both
a
slaughterhouse
and
a
madhouse
to
the
site
depicted
in
the
painting
may
have
offered
some
inspiration
5
The
scene
was
identified
as
being
the
view
from
a
road
overlooking
Oslo
the
Oslofjord
and
Hoved
ya
from
the
hill
of
Ekeberg
At
the
time
of
painting
the
work
Munch
s
manic
depressive
sister
Laura
Catherine
was
interned
in
the
mental
hospital
at
the
foot
of
Ekeberg
citation
needed
In
1978
the
Munch
scholar
Robert
Rosenblum
suggested
that
the
strange
sexless
creature
in
the
foreground
of
the
painting
was
probably
inspired
by
a
Peruvian
mummy
which
Munch
could
have
seen
at
the
1889
Exposition
Universelle
in
Paris
This
mummy
which
was
crouching
in
a
fetal
position
with
its
hands
alongside
its
face
also
struck
the
imagination
of
Munch
s
friend
Paul
Gauguin
it
stood
model
for
the
central
figure
in
his
painting
Human
misery
Grape
harvest
at
Arles
and
for
the
old
woman
at
the
left
in
his
painting
Where
Do
We
Come
From
What
Are
We
Where
Are
We
Going
More
recently
an
Italian
anthropologist
speculated
that
Munch
might
have
seen
a
mummy
in
Florence
s
Museum
of
Natural
History
which
bears
an
even
more
striking
resemblance
to
the
painting
6
The
environment
of
The
Scream
is
often
compared
to
that
which
an
individual
suffering
from
depersonalization
disorder
experiences
such
a
feeling
of
distortion
of
the
environment
and
one
s
self
7
TheftsWikinews
has
related
news
Edvard
Munch
s
The
Scream
and
Madonna
foundThieves
taking
paintings
from
the
Munch
Museum
in
Oslo
on
August
22
2004
Photo
taken
by
unidentified
bystander
On
February
12
1994
the
same
day
as
the
opening
of
the
1994
Winter
Olympics
in
Lillehammer
four
men
broke
into
the
National
Gallery
and
stole
its
version
of
The
Scream
leaving
a
note
reading
Thanks
for
the
poor
security
8
The
painting
had
been
moved
down
to
a
second
story
9
display
as
part
of
the
Olympic
festivities
and
the
presence
of
international
media
covering
the
games
made
the
theft
a
sensation
10
An
early
claim
of
responsibility
by
a
Norwegian
anti
abortion
group
turned
out
to
be
false
After
the
gallery
refused
a
ransom
demand
of
US
1
million
in
March
1994
Norwegian
police
set
up
a
sting
operation
with
assistance
from
the
British
Police
SO10
and
the
Getty
Museum
and
the
painting
was
recovered
undamaged
on
May
7
1994
11
In
January
1996
four
men
were
convicted
in
connection
with
the
theft
including
P
l
Enger
who
in
1988
had
been
convicted
of
stealing
Munch
s
Vampire
12
However
they
were
released
on
appeal
on
legal
grounds
the
British
agents
involved
in
the
sting
operation
had
entered
Norway
under
false
identities
13
Another
version
of
The
Scream
was
stolen
in
2004
On
August
22
during
daylight
hours
masked
gunmen
entered
the
Munch
Museum
in
Oslo
and
stole
two
paintings
Scream
and
Munch
s
Madonna
14
A
bystander
photographed
the
robbers
as
they
escaped
with
the
artwork
to
their
car
shown
at
right
On
April
8
2005
Norwegian
police
arrested
a
suspect
in
connection
with
the
theft
but
the
paintings
remained
missing
and
it
was
rumored
that
they
had
been
burned
by
the
thieves
to
destroy
evidence
15
16
On
June
1
2005
with
four
suspects
already
in
custody
in
connection
with
the
crime
the
City
Government
of
Oslo
offered
a
reward
of
2
million
Norwegian
krone
roughly
US
313
500
or
231
200
for
information
that
could
help
locate
the
paintings
17
Though
the
paintings
remained
at
large
six
men
went
on
trial
in
early
2006
variously
charged
with
either
helping
to
plan
or
participating
in
the
robbery
Three
of
the
men
were
convicted
and
sentenced
to
between
four
and
eight
years
in
prison
in
May
2006
and
two
of
the
convicted
Bj
rn
Hoen
and
Petter
Tharaldsen
were
also
ordered
to
pay
compensation
of
750
million
kroner
roughly
US
117
6
million
or
86
7
million
to
the
City
of
Oslo
18
The
Munch
Museum
itself
was
closed
for
10
months
for
a
6
million
security
overhaul
citation
needed
On
31
August
2006
Norwegian
police
announced
that
a
police
operation
had
recovered
both
Skrik
and
Madonna
but
did
not
reveal
detailed
circumstances
of
the
recovery
The
paintings
were
said
to
be
in
a
better
than
expected
condition
We
are
100
percent
certain
they
are
the
originals
police
chief
Iver
Stensrud
told
a
news
conference
The
damage
was
much
less
than
feared
19
20
Munch
Museum
director
Ingebj
rg
Ydstie
confirmed
the
condition
of
the
paintings
saying
it
was
much
better
than
expected
and
that
the
damage
could
be
repaired
21
The
Scream
had
moisture
damage
on
the
lower
left
corner
while
Madonna
suffered
several
tears
on
the
right
side
of
the
painting
as
well
as
two
holes
in
Madonna
s
arm
22
Before
repairs
and
restoration
began
the
paintings
were
put
on
public
display
by
the
Munch
Museum
beginning
27
September
2006
During
the
five
day
exhibition
5
500
people
viewed
the
damaged
paintings
The
conserved
works
went
back
on
display
on
May
23
2008
when
the
exhibition
Scream
and
Madonna
Revisited
at
the
Munch
Museum
in
Oslo
displayed
the
paintings
together
23
Some
damage
to
The
Scream
may
prove
impossible
to
repair
but
the
overall
integrity
of
the
work
has
not
been
compromised
3
24
In
popular
cultureIn
the
late
twentieth
century
The
Scream
acquired
iconic
status
in
popular
culture
It
was
used
on
the
cover
of
some
editions
of
Arthur
Janov
s
book
The
Primal
Scream
25
In
1983
1984
pop
artist
Andy
Warhol
made
a
series
of
silk
prints
of
works
by
Munch
including
Scream
The
idea
was
to
desacralize
the
painting
by
making
it
into
a
mass
reproducible
object
though
Munch
had
already
begun
that
process
himself
by
making
a
lithograph
of
the
work
for
reproduction
Furthermore
characteristic
of
post
modern
art
is
Err
s
ironic
and
irreverent
treatment
of
Munch
s
masterpiece
in
his
acrylic
paintings
The
Second
Scream
1967
and
Ding
Dong
1979
26
Cartoonist
Gary
Larson
included
a
tribute
to
The
Scream
entitled
The
Howl
in
his
Wiener
Dog
Art
painting
and
cartoon
compilation
in
which
the
central
figure
is
replaced
by
a
howling
dachshund
citation
needed
As
one
of
very
few
works
of
modern
art
that
are
instantly
recognizable
to
a
broad
audience
The
Scream
has
been
used
in
advertising
in
cartoons
such
as
The
Simpsons
and
films
and
on
TV
The
principal
alien
antagonists
depicted
in
the
2011
BBC
series
of
Doctor
Who
named
The
Silence
have
an
appearance
based
in
part
on
The
Scream
27
The
iconic
Ghostface
mask
worn
by
the
primary
antagonists
of
the
coincidentally
named
Scream
series
of
horror
movies
is
based
on
the
painting
and
was
created
and
designed
by
Fun
World
employee
Brigitte
Sleiertin
as
a
Halloween
costume
prior
to
being
discovered
by
Marianne
Maddalena
and
Wes
Craven
for
the
film
28
The
work
has
also
been
used
in
political
humor
and
in
advertisements
During
the
administration
of
George
H
W
Bush
a
popular
poster
showed
the
painting
with
the
caption
President
Quayle
Bumper
stickers
were
sold
in
2004
with
the
image
paired
with
the
caption
of
Four
More
Years
In
August
2006
Masterfoods
USA
the
maker
of
M
amp
M
s
candies
began
using
Scream
in
ads
for
its
dark
chocolate
variety
of
candies
and
offered
a
reward
of
two
million
of
the
candies
for
the
painting
s
return
Shortly
after
the
promotion
was
announced
the
painting
was
recovered
Masterfoods
has
stated
its
intention
to
honor
the
reward
by
paying
the
cash
value
of
the
M
amp
M
s
to
Norwegian
authorities
29
GalleryMunch
translated
Scream
into
a
lithograph
in
1895
This
version
executed
in
1910
in
tempera
on
cardboard
was
stolen
from
the
Munch
Museum
in
2004
and
recovered
in
2006
References
The
Scream
returns
damaged
but
younger
news
com
au
2008
05
21
http
www
guardian
co
uk
artanddesign
2012
feb
21
edvard
munch
the
scream
auction
Edvard
Munch
s
The
Scream
to
be
sold
at
auction
One
of
four
versions
of
famous
artwork
could
achieve
80m
making
it
one
of
most
expensive
art
works
sold
at
auction
by
Mark
Brown
arts
correspondent
Guardian
guardian
co
uk
Tuesday
21
February
2012
08
25
EST
a
b
About
the
conservation
of
The
Scream
and
Madonna
Munch
Museum
http
www
munch
museum
no
content
aspx
id
67
amp
mid
2
amp
lang
en
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Olson
Donald
W
Russell
L
Doescher
and
Marilynn
S
Olson
May
2004
The
Blood
Red
Sky
of
the
Scream
APS
News
American
Physical
Society
13
5
http
www
aps
org
publications
apsnews
200405
backpage
cfm
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Existential
Superstar
Another
look
at
Edvard
Munch
s
The
Scream
Slate
com
Slate
2005
11
22
Retrieved
on
10
November
2008
Italian
Mummy
Source
of
Scream
Discovery
Channel
September
7
2004
Archived
from
the
original
on
2004
10
11
http
web
archive
org
web
20041011032521
http
dsc
discovery
com
news
briefs
20040906
scream
html
Retrieved
2006
12
12
waybacked
mirror
Google
books
4
Norwegians
Guilty
In
Theft
of
The
Scream
AP
1996
01
18
http
www
nytimes
com
1996
01
18
world
world
news
briefs
4
norwegians
guilty
in
theft
of
the
scream
html
Retrieved
2009
05
22
Dolnick
Edward
June
2005
The
Rescue
Artist
A
True
Story
of
Art
Thieves
and
the
Hunt
for
a
Missing
Masterpiece
HarperCollins
ISBN9780060531171
On
this
day
Art
thieves
snatch
Scream
BBC
News
Online
1994
02
12
http
news
bbc
co
uk
onthisday
hi
dates
stories
february
12
newsid
3591000
3591994
stm
Retrieved
2006
08
31
Dolnick
Edward
June
2005
The
Rescue
Artist
A
True
Story
of
Art
Thieves
and
the
Hunt
for
a
Missing
Masterpiece
HarperCollins
Master
plan
Guardian
Unlimited
2005
06
13
http
arts
guardian
co
uk
arttheft
story
0
1505351
00
html
Retrieved
2007
12
21
Matthew
Hart
The
Irish
Game
A
True
Story
of
Crime
and
Art
Viking
Canada
2004
p
184
Scream
stolen
from
Norway
museum
BBC
News
2004
08
22
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
europe
3588282
stm
Retrieved
2006
09
03
Oslo
police
arrest
Scream
suspect
BBC
News
2005
04
08
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
europe
4426539
stm
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Famous
Munch
paintings
destroyed
Norway
Post
2005
04
28
http
www
undeadlinks
com
s
php
link
http
3A
2F
2Fwww
norwaypost
no
2Fcgi
bin
2Fnorwaypost
2Fimaker
3Fid
3D16032
amp
l
1
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Reward
offered
for
Scream
return
BBC
News
2005
06
01
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
entertainment
4599469
stm
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Three
guilty
of
The
Scream
theft
BBC
News
2006
05
02
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
entertainment
4964872
stm
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Munch
paintings
recovered
Aftenposten
2006
08
31
http
www
aftenposten
no
english
local
article1441444
ece
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Stolen
Munch
paintings
found
safe
BBC
News
2006
08
31
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
entertainment
5303200
stm
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Munch
paintings
can
be
repaired
BBC
News
2006
09
01
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
entertainment
5305538
stm
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Museum
to
exhibit
damaged
Munch
paintings
Aftenposten
2006
10
12
http
www
aftenposten
no
english
local
article1455033
ece
Retrieved
2007
12
22
Munch
Museum
The
Scream
to
go
back
on
display
after
2004
heist
AFP
2008
03
03
http
news
yahoo
com
s
afp
20080303
ts
afp
norwayartmunch
Janov
Arthur
1977
The
Primal
Scream
New
York
Abacus
ISBN0
349
11834
5
Scream
on
the
Surface
Munch
Museet
http
www
munch
museum
no
ekko
en
gr
erro
htm
Retrieved
May
29
2005
Doctor
Who
boss
says
season
start
is
darkest
yet
BBC
5
April
2011
http
www
bbc
co
uk
news
entertainment
arts
12969897
Retrieved
7
April
2011
Kendzior
Sarah
January
2000
The
Face
of
Scream
Fangoria
Starlog
Group
Inc
189
29
The
Scream
the
Thief
and
the
2
Million
M
amp
M
s
ARTNews
2008
04
http
www
artnews
com
2008
04
01
the
scream
the
thief
and
the
2
million
mms
External
linksMunch
Museum
Oslo
NorwayGallery
Munch
L
ten
NorwayEdvard
Munch
Biography
amp
PaintingsRothenberg
A
2001
Bipolar
illness
creativity
and
treatment
Psychiatr
Q
72
2
131
47
doi
10
1023
A
1010367525951
PMID11433879
http
www
kluweronline
com
art
pdf
issn
0033
2720
amp
volume
72
amp
page
131
Fineman
Mia
Nov
22
2005
Existential
Superstar
Slate
magazine
Munch
and
The
Scream
Discussion
in
the
In
Our
Time
series
on
the
BBC
Retrieved
from
http
en
wikipedia
org
w
index
php
title
The
Scream
amp
oldid
478236914
Categories
Symbolist
paintingsModern
paintings1893
paintingsEdvard
Munch
paintingsExpressionist
paintingsHidden
categories
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2011
lewis black
LEER
zac efron and taylor swift
LEER
nfl combine
LEER
hepatitis c symptoms
LEER
david bradley
LEER
kombucha tea
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopedia
Redirected
from
Kombucha
tea
Jump
to
navigation
searchFor
the
Japanese
seaweed
tea
see
Kombu
For
the
Japanese
squash
see
kabocha
The
neutrality
of
this
article
is
disputed
Please
see
the
discussion
on
the
talk
page
Please
do
not
remove
this
message
until
the
dispute
is
resolved
February
2011
Kombucha
including
the
cultureKombucha
is
an
effervescent
tea
based
beverage
that
is
often
consumed
for
its
anecdotal
health
benefits
or
medicinal
purposes
Kombucha
is
available
commercially
and
can
be
made
at
home
by
fermenting
tea
using
a
visible
solid
mass
of
yeast
and
bacteria
which
forms
the
kombucha
culture
often
referred
to
as
kombo
lit
yeast
mother
see
etymology
for
disambiguation
with
kombu
kelp
Contents1
Biology2
Etymology3
History4
Components5
Health
claims6
Safety
and
contamination7
Brew8
Artificial
leather9
See
also10
References11
Bibliography12
External
links
BiologyYeast
and
bacteria
in
Kombucha
at
400XThe
culture
mainly
contains
a
symbiosis
of
Acetobacter
acetic
acid
bacteria
and
one
or
more
yeasts
The
culture
itself
looks
somewhat
like
a
large
pancake
and
though
often
called
a
mushroom
a
mother
of
vinegar
or
by
the
acronym
SCOBY
for
Symbiotic
Culture
of
Bacteria
and
Yeast
it
is
scientifically
classified
as
a
zoogleal
mat
It
takes
on
the
shape
of
its
container
but
varies
in
thickness
depending
on
how
long
it
has
been
allowed
to
develop
and
the
acidity
of
the
tea
medium
during
the
development
period
citation
needed
The
culture
is
leathery
and
non
elastic
similar
to
a
thick
calamari
The
yeast
component
of
kombucha
may
contain
any
of
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Brettanomyces
bruxellensis
Candida
stellata
Schizosaccharomyces
pombe
Torulaspora
delbrueckii
and
Zygosaccharomyces
bailii
or
another
domesticated
strain
Alcohol
production
by
the
yeast
s
contributes
to
the
production
of
acetic
acid
by
the
bacteria
Alcohol
concentration
also
plays
a
role
in
triggering
cellulose
production
by
the
bacterial
symbionts
citation
needed
The
bacterial
component
of
a
kombucha
culture
usually
consists
of
several
species
but
will
almost
always
contain
Gluconacetobacter
xylinus
formerly
Acetobacter
xylinum
which
ferments
the
alcohols
produced
by
the
yeast
s
into
acetic
acid
This
increases
the
acidity
while
limiting
the
alcoholic
content
of
kombucha
G
xylinum
is
responsible
for
most
or
all
of
the
physical
structure
of
a
kombucha
mother
and
has
been
shown
to
produce
microbial
cellulose
1
This
is
likely
due
to
artificial
selection
by
brewers
over
time
selecting
for
firmer
and
more
robust
cultures
The
acidity
and
mild
alcoholic
element
of
kombucha
resists
contamination
by
most
airborne
molds
or
bacterial
spores
As
a
result
kombucha
is
relatively
easy
to
maintain
as
a
culture
outside
of
sterile
conditions
The
bacteria
and
yeasts
in
kombucha
may
also
produce
antimicrobial
defense
molecules
EtymologyThe
mis
transliterated
mis
translated
English
kombucha
putatively
pseudo
Japanese
kombocha
yeast
tea
is
often
confused
with
the
Japanese
drink
kombucha
literally
kelp
tea
from
Japanese
kombu
kelp
which
is
dried
and
powdered
to
produce
the
kelp
based
beverage
2
In
Japanese
the
fermented
black
tea
based
drink
is
known
as
k
cha
kinoko
lit
red
tea
mushroom
In
Chinese
kombucha
is
called
ji
om
ch
lit
yeast
tea
h
ngch
j
n
lit
red
tea
fungus
mushroom
h
ngch
g
red
tea
mushroom
or
ch
m
ij
n
tea
mold
Both
the
actual
Japanese
and
Chinese
names
incorporate
the
characters
for
zh
h
ngch
jp
k
cha
literally
red
tea
as
Asian
languages
denote
what
is
known
in
the
West
as
black
tea
in
contrast
to
green
tea
HistoryThe
recorded
history
of
kombucha
began
in
Russia
during
the
late
19th
century
citation
needed
In
Russian
the
kombucha
culture
is
called
ajnyj
grib
lit
tea
mushroom
and
the
drink
itself
is
called
grib
mushroom
tea
kvass
or
simply
kvass
which
differs
from
regular
kvass
traditionally
made
from
water
and
stale
rye
bread
Some
promotional
kombucha
sources
suggest
that
the
history
of
this
tea
based
beverage
originated
in
ancient
China
or
Japan
though
there
are
no
written
records
to
support
these
assumptions
see
history
of
tea
in
China
and
history
of
tea
in
Japan
One
author
reports
that
kombucha
famously
known
as
the
Godly
Tsche
i
e
tea
during
the
Chinese
Qin
Dynasty
221
206
BCE
was
a
beverage
with
magical
powers
enabling
people
to
live
forever
3
ComponentsKombucha
flavoured
with
rose
hips
Kombucha
contains
multiple
species
of
yeast
and
bacteria
along
with
the
organic
acids
active
enzymes
amino
acids
and
polyphenols
produced
by
these
microbes
The
precise
quantities
of
a
sample
can
only
be
determined
by
laboratory
analysis
Finished
kombucha
may
contain
any
of
the
following
components
Acetic
acid
which
is
mildly
antibacterialButyric
acidB
vitamins
4
AlcoholGluconic
acidLactic
acidMalic
acidOxalic
acidUsnic
acidNormally
kombucha
contains
less
than
0
5
alcohol
which
classifies
kombucha
as
a
non
alcoholic
beverage
citation
needed
Older
more
acidic
kombucha
might
contain
1
0
or
1
5
alcohol
depending
on
more
anaerobic
brewing
time
and
higher
proportions
of
sugar
and
yeast
citation
needed
Health
claimsKombucha
producers
often
make
the
claim
that
kombucha
detoxifies
the
body
and
energizes
the
mind
although
there
is
little
published
research
on
the
health
benefits
of
kombucha
Proponents
of
kombucha
claim
it
aids
cancer
recovery
increases
energy
sharpens
eyesight
aids
joint
recovery
improves
skin
elasticity
aids
digestion
and
improves
experience
with
foods
that
stick
going
down
such
as
rice
or
pasta
A
review
of
the
published
literature
on
the
safety
of
kombucha
suggests
no
specific
oral
toxicity
in
rats
5
While
no
randomized
case
controlled
studies
have
been
published
in
relation
to
its
effect
on
humans
its
effect
on
the
central
nervous
system
liver
metabolic
acidosis
and
toxicity
in
general
have
been
suspected
in
isolated
incidents
6
7
though
no
specific
links
have
been
established
Acute
conditions
such
as
lactic
acidosis
caused
by
drinking
of
kombucha
are
more
likely
to
occur
in
persons
with
pre
existing
medical
conditions
8
Other
reports
suggest
that
care
should
be
taken
when
taking
medical
drugs
or
hormone
replacement
therapy
while
regularly
drinking
kombucha
9
It
may
also
cause
allergic
reactions
10
though
a
Herxheimer
Reaction
or
dying
off
of
pathogenic
bacteria
and
yeast
may
occur
when
first
beginning
consumption
of
Kombucha
which
may
be
responsible
for
associated
symptoms
11
Many
claims
have
focused
on
glucuronic
acid
a
compound
that
is
used
by
the
liver
for
detoxification
The
idea
that
glucuronic
acid
is
present
in
kombucha
is
based
on
the
observation
that
glucuronic
acid
conjugates
glucuronic
acid
waste
chemicals
are
increased
in
the
urine
after
consumption
Early
chemical
analysis
of
kombucha
brew
suggested
that
glucuronic
acid
was
the
key
component
and
researchers
hypothesized
that
the
extra
glucuronic
acid
would
assist
the
liver
by
supplying
more
of
the
substance
during
detoxification
These
analyses
were
done
using
gas
chromatography
to
identify
the
different
chemical
constituents
but
this
method
relies
on
having
proper
chemical
standards
citation
needed
to
match
to
the
unknown
chemicals
However
a
more
recent
and
thorough
analysis
of
a
variety
of
commercial
and
homebrew
versions
of
kombucha
found
no
evidence
of
glucuronic
acid
at
all
Instead
the
active
component
is
most
likely
glucaric
acid
This
compound
also
known
as
D
glucaro
1
4
lactone
helps
eliminate
glucuronic
acid
conjugates
that
are
produced
by
the
liver
When
these
conjugates
are
excreted
normal
gut
bacteria
can
break
them
up
using
a
bacterial
form
of
beta
glucuronidase
Glucaric
acid
is
an
inhibitor
of
this
bacterial
enzyme
so
the
waste
stored
in
the
glucuronic
acid
conjugates
is
properly
eliminated
the
first
time
rather
than
being
reabsorbed
and
detoxified
over
and
over
Thus
glucaric
acid
probably
makes
the
liver
more
efficient
12
Glucaric
acid
is
commonly
found
in
fruits
and
vegetables
and
is
being
explored
independently
as
a
cancer
preventive
agent
13
It
has
also
been
discovered
that
the
bacterial
beta
glucuronidase
enzyme
can
interfere
with
proper
disposal
of
a
chemotherapeutic
agent
and
that
antibiotics
against
gut
bacteria
can
prevent
toxicity
of
some
chemotherapy
drugs
14
supporting
the
idea
that
glucaric
acid
is
an
active
component
of
kombucha
Reports
of
adverse
reactions
may
be
related
to
unsanitary
fermentation
conditions
leaching
of
compounds
from
the
fermentation
vessels
15
or
sickly
kombucha
cultures
that
cannot
acidify
the
brew
Cleanliness
is
important
during
preparation
and
in
most
cases
the
acidity
of
the
fermented
drink
prevents
growth
of
unwanted
contaminants
Other
health
claims
may
be
due
to
the
simple
acidity
of
the
drink
possibly
influencing
the
production
of
stomach
acids
or
modifying
the
communities
of
microorganisms
in
the
gastrointestinal
tract
16
Several
firms
market
Kombucha
capsules
and
tea
bags
purportedly
containing
some
form
of
dried
Kombucha
There
is
no
supporting
evidence
that
there
are
any
health
benefits
to
such
products
Kombucha
extract
another
suspect
product
is
also
being
marketed
Most
such
extracts
are
no
more
than
small
amounts
of
Kombucha
Tea
that
has
turned
vinegary
Some
firms
market
their
Kombucha
mushroom
cultures
based
on
their
size
charging
more
for
larger
mushroom
cultures
The
size
of
a
mushroom
culture
does
not
really
matter
smaller
mushroom
cultures
will
ferment
a
new
batch
of
prepared
tea
just
as
well
as
larger
mushroom
cultures
Safety
and
contaminationMold
contamination
on
the
culture
surface
As
with
all
foods
care
must
be
taken
during
preparation
and
storage
to
prevent
contamination
Keeping
the
kombucha
brew
safe
and
contamination
free
is
a
concern
to
many
home
brewers
Key
components
of
food
safety
when
brewing
kombucha
include
clean
environment
proper
temperature
and
low
pH
If
a
culture
becomes
contaminated
it
will
most
likely
be
identifiable
as
common
mold
which
is
often
green
blue
or
black
in
color
Often
novice
brewers
will
mistake
the
brownish
root
filaments
on
the
underside
of
the
culture
as
a
mold
contamination
when
it
is
seen
through
the
surface
of
a
thinly
formed
culture
If
mold
does
grow
on
the
surface
of
the
kombucha
culture
or
mushroom
it
is
best
to
throw
out
both
culture
and
tea
and
start
again
with
a
fresh
kombucha
culture
Mold
tends
to
grow
especially
when
the
kombucha
mushroom
is
lifted
out
of
the
liquid
by
its
own
gasses
Keeping
it
covered
with
liquid
in
the
later
stages
i
e
when
the
new
kombucha
mushroom
starts
growing
can
successfully
prevent
mold
from
growing
The
low
rate
of
contamination
by
the
home
brewer
might
be
explained
by
protective
mechanisms
such
as
formation
of
organic
acids
and
antibiotic
substances
Thus
subjects
with
a
healthy
metabolism
need
not
be
advised
against
cultivating
kombucha
tea
cultures
However
those
suffering
from
immunosuppression
should
preferably
consume
controlled
commercial
kombucha
beverages
17
In
every
step
of
the
preparation
process
it
is
important
that
hands
and
utensils
or
anything
that
is
going
to
come
into
contact
with
the
culture
be
well
cleaned
to
prevent
contamination
of
the
kombucha
Also
kombucha
becomes
very
acidic
approximately
pH
3
0
when
finished
so
it
can
leach
unwanted
and
potentially
toxic
materials
from
the
non
food
grade
containers
in
which
it
is
fermenting
15
Food
grade
glass
is
very
safe
Other
acceptable
containers
may
also
include
lead
free
china
raw
wooden
bowls
glazed
earthenware
lead
free
there
are
kits
that
can
test
ceramics
and
stainless
steel
18
Keeping
cultures
covered
and
in
a
clean
environment
also
reduces
the
risk
of
introducing
contaminants
and
insects
Maintaining
a
correct
pH
is
an
important
factor
in
a
home
brew
Acidic
conditions
are
favorable
for
the
growth
of
the
kombucha
culture
and
inhibit
the
growth
of
molds
and
bacteria
The
pH
of
the
kombucha
batch
should
be
between
2
5
and
4
6
A
pH
of
less
than
2
5
makes
the
drink
too
acidic
for
normal
human
consumption
while
a
pH
greater
than
4
6
increases
the
risk
of
contamination
19
Use
of
fresh
starter
tea
and
or
distilled
vinegar
can
be
used
to
control
pH
Some
brewers
test
the
pH
at
the
beginning
and
the
end
of
the
brewing
cycle
to
ensure
that
the
correct
pH
is
achieved
and
that
the
brewing
cycle
is
complete
BrewKombucha
is
typically
produced
by
placing
a
culture
in
a
sweetened
tea
as
sugars
assist
fermentation
Black
tea
is
a
popular
choice
but
green
tea
or
white
tea
may
also
be
used
Blending
of
tea
may
produce
more
balanced
flavors
and
benefits
from
the
different
types
of
teas
Herbal
teas
or
those
treated
with
oils
may
harm
the
Kombucha
culture
over
time
20
The
standard
Kombucha
recipe
calls
for
1
cup
of
sugar
per
gallon
of
water
tea
though
some
variation
in
the
ratio
is
tolerated
by
the
culture
Kombucha
may
be
fermented
with
many
different
sugar
sources
including
refined
white
sugar
evaporated
cane
juice
brown
sugar
glucose
fructose
syrups
molasses
and
honey
pasteurized
only
Kombucha
should
never
be
fermented
with
raw
honey
stevia
xylitol
lactose
or
any
artificial
sweetener
21
The
container
is
often
covered
with
a
closed
weave
cloth
to
prevent
contamination
by
dust
mold
and
other
bacteria
while
allowing
gas
transfer
breathing
A
baby
SCOBY
is
produced
on
the
liquid
gas
interface
during
each
fermentation
The
surface
area
is
the
most
favorable
location
for
both
aerobic
bacteria
on
the
top
of
the
new
pancake
and
anaerobic
bacteria
on
the
bottom
The
surface
area
also
has
ideal
concentration
of
oxygen
for
the
yeast
in
the
matrix
to
propagate
readily
After
a
week
or
two
of
fermentation
the
liquid
is
tapped
Some
liquid
is
retained
for
the
subsequent
batch
to
keep
the
pH
low
to
prevent
contamination
This
process
can
be
repeated
indefinitely
In
each
batch
the
mother
culture
will
produce
a
baby
which
can
be
directly
handled
separated
like
two
pancakes
and
moved
to
another
container
The
yeast
in
the
tapped
liquid
will
continue
to
survive
A
secondary
fermentation
may
be
accomplished
by
removing
the
liquid
to
a
closed
container
bottle
for
about
a
week
to
produce
more
carbonation
Care
should
be
taken
as
carbon
dioxide
build
up
can
cause
bottles
to
explode
Left
entirely
alone
to
ferment
with
oxygen
the
kombucha
settles
into
months
of
production
time
the
baby
thickening
considerably
creating
an
ever
more
acidic
and
vinegar
flavored
cider
At
any
point
the
kombucha
can
be
tapped
or
have
tea
added
Liquid
from
the
previous
batch
will
preserve
some
of
the
culture
Some
tea
makers
offer
a
dried
version
of
kombucha
mixed
with
the
tea
leaves
that
dissolves
in
hot
water
however
this
is
a
more
rare
type
Artificial
leatherThe
Kombucha
SCOBY
can
be
used
to
make
an
artificial
leather
though
currently
it
is
very
water
absorbent
22
See
alsoKefirTibicos
References
A
paper
describing
the
isolation
of
Gluconacetobacter
xylinus
from
kombucha
Crystal
Wong
U
S
kombucha
smelly
and
no
kelp
The
Japan
Times
July
12
2007
Harald
W
Tietze
1995
Kombucha
The
Miracle
Fungus
Tietze
Publications
Aleksandra
Velicanski
Dragoljub
Cvetkovic
Sinisa
Markov
Vesna
Tumbas
Sladjana
Savatovic
2007
Antimicrobial
And
Antioxidant
Activity
Of
Lemon
Balm
Kombucha
Acta
periodica
technologica
38
165
doi
10
2298
APT0738165V
http
www
doiserbia
nb
rs
A
LEQaRwCVyAEkAAAANWQzYjNhNjMtYjc2Mi00NDkzLTkxM2QtYWE0MTlhYTYyOGQxWFjX2eJbVjiuapiC3RRpn5ACeII1
ft
aspx
id
1450
71880738165V
Subacute
90Days
Oral
Toxicity
Studies
of
Kombucha
Tea
R
VIJAYARAGHAVAN
MANINDERSINGH
Ernst
E
April
2003
Kombucha
a
systematic
review
of
the
clinical
evidence
Forsch
Komplementarmed
Klass
Naturheilkd
10
2
85
7
doi
10
1159
000071667
PMID12808367
http
content
karger
com
produktedb
produkte
asp
typ
fulltext
amp
file
FKM2003010002085
SungHee
Kole
A
Jones
HD
Christensen
R
Gladstein
J
2009
A
case
of
Kombucha
tea
toxicity
J
Intensive
Care
Med
24
3
205
7
doi
10
1177
0885066609332963
PMID19460826
http
jic
sagepub
com
cgi
pmidlookup
view
long
amp
pmid
19460826
Kole
Alison
SungHee
Jones
2009
Heather
D
Journal
of
Intensive
Care
Medice
Sage
Publications
Inc
24
3
205
207
Srinivasan
MD
Radhika
Susan
Smolinske
PharmD
amp
David
Greenbaum
MD
October
1997
Probable
Gastrointestinal
Toxicity
of
Kombucha
Tea
Is
This
Beverage
Healthy
or
Harmful
Journal
of
General
Internal
Medicine
12
10
643
5
doi
10
1046
j
1525
1497
1997
07127
x
http
www
blackwell
synergy
com
links
doi
10
1046
j
1525
1497
1997
07127
x
Kombucha
Mushroom
Hepatotoxicity
Kombucha
amp
The
Healing
Crisis
Herxheimer
Reactions
Michael
R
Roussin
1996
2003
Analyses
of
Kombucha
Ferments
Information
Resources
url
http
www
kombucha
research
com
Walaszek
Z
1990
10
08
Potential
use
of
D
glucaric
acid
derivatives
in
cancer
prevention
Cancer
Letters
Elsevier
Science
Ireland
54
1
2
1
8
doi
10
1016
0304
3835
90
90083
A
PMID2208084
Involvement
of
Glucuronidase
in
Intestinal
Microflora
in
the
Intestinal
Toxicity
of
the
Antitumor
Camptothecin
Derivative
Irinotecan
Hydrochloride
CPT
11
in
Rats
a
b
Phan
Tri
Giang
Jane
Estell
Geoffrey
Duggin
Ian
Beer
Diane
Smith
and
Mark
J
Ferson
1998
Lead
poisoning
from
drinking
Kombucha
tea
brewed
in
a
ceramic
pot
The
Medical
Journal
of
Australia
Australasian
Medical
Publishing
Company
169
11
12
644
646
PMID9887919
http
mja
com
au
public
issues
xmas98
phan
phan
html
Harald
W
Tietze
Living
Food
for
Longer
Life
MAYSER
P
1
FROMME
S
LEITZMANN
C
GR
NDER
K
1998
The
yeast
spectrum
of
Kombucha
Blackwell
Berlin
ALLEMAGNE
http
cat
inist
fr
aModele
afficheN
amp
cpsidt
2897443
How
to
make
your
own
Kombucha
Tea
Nirinjan
Singh
2005
Ph
Levels
For
Kombucha
Tea
Beverage
http
www
organic
kombucha
com
kombucha
and
ph
html
Teas
To
Use
amp
Teas
To
Avoid
When
Making
Kombucha
Top
10
Questions
About
Kombucha
amp
Sugar
Video
of
a
short
talk
by
a
clothes
designer
about
making
and
using
a
material
made
of
kombucha
BibliographyHarald
W
Tietze
1995
Kombucha
The
Miracle
Fungus
London
Salamander
Books
Ltd
ISBN1
85860
029
4
Dipti
P
Yogesh
B
Kain
AK
et
al
September
2003
Lead
induced
oxidative
stress
beneficial
effects
of
Kombucha
tea
Biomed
Environ
Sci
16
3
276
82
PMID14631833
Ernst
E
2003
Kombucha
a
systematic
review
of
the
clinical
evidence
Forsch
Komplementarmed
Klass
Naturheilkd
Research
in
Complementary
and
Classical
Natural
Medicine
10
2
85
7
doi
10
1159
000071667
PMID12808367
http
content
karger
com
produktedb
produkte
asp
typ
fulltext
amp
file
FKM2003010002085
Pauline
T
Dipti
P
Anju
B
et
al
September
2001
Studies
on
toxicity
anti
stress
and
hepato
protective
properties
of
Kombucha
tea
Biomed
Environ
Sci
14
3
207
13
PMID11723720
Teoh
AL
Heard
G
Cox
J
September
2004
Yeast
ecology
of
Kombucha
fermentation
Int
J
Food
Microbiol
95
2
119
26
doi
10
1016
j
ijfoodmicro
2003
12
020
PMID15282124
http
linkinghub
elsevier
com
retrieve
pii
S0168160504001072
G
nther
W
Frank
1995
Kombucha
Healthy
Beverage
and
Natural
Remedy
from
the
Far
East
Its
Correct
Preparation
and
Use
Wilhelm
Ensthaler
ISBN3
85068
337
0
External
linksWikimedia
Commons
has
media
related
to
KombuchaThe
Wiki
how
on
making
kombuchaA
microscope
video
of
concentrated
tea
after
a
few
hours
on
the
slideA
microscope
video
of
fresh
tea
more
typical
of
the
finished
product
that
people
drinkvdeTeaBlack
teaAssamBoheaCeylonDarjeelingDian
HongKeemunNepaleseNilgiriOrange
pekoeRed
teaTibetiTurkishYing
De
HongOolong
teaBai
Ji
GuanRed
RobeDarjeeling
OolongDongding
Tung
ting
Dong
Fang
Mei
RenHuangjin
Gui
Golden
Osmanthus
Qilan
teaPouchongRou
GuiShui
Jin
GuiShui
Hsien
Shui
Xian
Tie
LuohanTieguanyin
Iron
Goddess
Green
teaArachaBanchaGreen
SpiralChun
MeeDa
FangGenmaichaLiuan
LeafGunpowderGyokuroHojichaHou
KuiHuang
Shan
Mao
FengHysonKabusechaKamairichaKonachaKukichaLongjing
Dragon
Well
MatchaMao
JianMechaMeng
Ding
Gan
LuSenchaShinchaTamaryokuchaWhite
teaBai
Hao
YinzhenBai
Mu
DanDarjeeling
WhiteShou
MeiWhite
monkey
pawYellow
teaJunshan
YinzhenHuoshan
HuangyaPost
fermented
teaPuerhBlended
andflavoured
teasEarl
GreyEnglish
BreakfastIrish
BreakfastJasmine
teaLady
GreyLapsang
souchongMasala
chaiPrince
of
WalesRussian
CaravanTea
cultureTea
partyAmericanArgentineAzerbaijaniBrazilianBritishChineseDominicaHong
KongIndianJapaneseKoreanMexicanMoroccanNepalesePakistaniRussianSenegaleseTaiwaneseSri
LankaTurkishVietnameseTea
beveragesBubble
teaButter
teaHong
Kong
style
milk
teaIced
teaJagerteeLei
chaNoon
ChaiSuutei
tsaiSweet
teaTeh
botolTeh
tarikHealthHealth
effectsPhenolic
content
in
tea
tannin
Health
effects
of
caffeineDecaffeinationOtherCamellia
sinensis
tea
plant
Tea
bagTeapotConsumptionFlowering
teaGlass
holderTea
processingSamovarTea
brickTea
gardenTea
houseTea
tastingTeakettleSee
alsoHerbal
teaMateRooibosChina
famous
tea
Tea
on
WikiBooks
Tea
images
at
Commons
Category
Tea
Drink
Portal
Coffee
amp
Tea
Task
ForceRetrieved
from
http
en
wikipedia
org
w
index
php
title
Kombucha
amp
oldid
477792910
Categories
Fermented
beveragesFermented
foodsCarbonated
drinksTeaChinese
teaMycologyToxicologySynthetic
materialsNonwoven
fabricsHidden
categories
NPOV
disputes
from
February
2011All
NPOV
disputesAll
articles
with
unsourced
statementsArticles
with
unsourced
statements
from
May
2010Articles
with
unsourced
statements
from
June
2010Articles
with
unsourced
statements
from
November
2011
bloom box
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopedia
Redirected
from
Bloom
box
Jump
to
navigation
searchThe
Bloom
Energy
Server
commonly
referred
to
as
the
Bloom
Box
is
a
solid
oxide
fuel
cell
SOFC
made
by
Bloom
Energy
of
Sunnyvale
California
that
can
use
a
wide
variety
of
inputs
including
liquid
or
gaseous
hydrocarbons
1
produced
from
bio
sources
to
generate
electricity
on
the
site
where
it
will
be
used
2
3
It
is
highly
efficient
low
cost
and
has
lower
polluting
emissions
This
type
of
fuel
cell
can
withstand
temperatures
of
up
to
1800
F
which
would
cause
many
other
types
of
fuel
cells
to
break
down
or
need
maintenance
and
is
highly
advantageous
for
its
smooth
operation
4
According
to
the
company
a
single
cell
one
100
100mm
metal
alloy
plate
between
two
ceramic
layers
generates
25
watts
5
Bloom
say
that
two
hundred
servers
have
been
deployed
in
California
for
a
number
of
corporations
like
eBay
Google
Wal
Mart
and
many
more
6
Contents1
Technology2
Bloom
Energy2
1
History3
Costs3
1
Installation3
2
Usage4
Installations5
Portable
units6
Feasibility6
1
Efficiency6
2
Long
term
business
case7
Competition8
See
also9
References10
External
links
TechnologyThe
Bloom
Energy
Server
uses
thin
white
ceramic
plates
100
100mm
7
which
are
claimed
to
be
made
from
beach
sand
Each
ceramic
plate
is
coated
with
a
green
nickel
oxide
based
ink
on
one
side
anode
and
another
black
probably
Lanthanum
strontium
manganite
ink
on
the
other
side
cathode
8
9
According
to
the
San
Jose
Mercury
News
Bloom
s
secret
technology
apparently
lies
in
the
proprietary
green
ink
that
acts
as
the
anode
and
the
black
ink
that
acts
as
the
cathode
but
in
fact
these
materials
are
widely
known
in
the
field
of
solid
oxide
fuel
cells
SOFCs
Wired
reports
that
the
secret
ingredient
may
be
yttria
stabilized
zirconia
based
upon
a
2006
patent
filing
7
572
530
that
was
granted
to
Bloom
in
2009
but
this
material
is
also
one
of
the
most
common
electrolyte
materials
in
the
field
10
US
US20080261099
which
is
assigned
to
Bloom
Energy
Corporation
says
that
the
electrolyte
includes
yttria
stabilized
zirconia
and
a
scandia
stabilized
zirconia
such
as
a
scandia
ceria
stabilized
zirconia
ScSZ
has
a
higher
conductivity
than
YSZ
at
lower
temperatures
which
provides
greater
efficiency
and
higher
reliability
when
used
as
an
electrolyte
in
SOFC
applications
Scandia
is
scandium
oxide
Sc3O2
which
is
a
transition
metal
oxide
that
is
sold
between
US
1400
to
US
2000
per
kilogram
in
99
9
form
Current
annual
world
wide
production
of
scandium
is
less
than
2000
kilogram
Most
of
the
5000
kilogram
used
annually
is
sourced
from
limited
former
Soviet
era
stockpiles
To
save
money
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
uses
inexpensive
metal
alloy
plates
for
electric
conductance
between
the
two
ceramic
fast
ion
conductor
plates
In
competing
lower
temperature
fuel
cells
platinum
is
required
at
the
cathode
8
Bloom
EnergyBloom
EnergyTypePrivately
heldPredecessor
s
Ion
AmericaFounded2002Founder
s
K
R
Sridhar
C
E
O
John
Finn
Matthias
Gottmann
James
McElroy
Dien
NguyenHeadquartersSunnyvale
California
USAKey
peopleK
R
Sridhar
founder
CEO
Productsregenerative
solid
oxide
fuel
cellsNet
income85
Million
loss
2008
11
Owner
s
Kleiner
Perkins
among
others
Websitehttp
www
bloomenergy
com
Bloom
Energy
is
the
company
that
develops
builds
and
installs
Bloom
Energy
Servers
11
The
company
started
in
2002
by
CEO
K
R
Sridhar
11
is
one
of
26
named
a
2010
Tech
Pioneer
by
the
World
Economic
Forum
12
HistoryIn
October
2001
K
R
Sridhar
C
E
O
had
a
meeting
with
John
Doerr
from
the
large
venture
capital
firm
Kleiner
Perkins
13
Sridhar
was
asking
for
more
than
100
million
to
start
the
company
Bloom
Energy
has
received
400
million
of
start
up
funding
from
venture
capitalists
including
Kleiner
Perkins
8
and
Vinod
Khosla
14
The
company
originally
called
Ion
America
was
renamed
to
Bloom
Energy
in
2006
15
Sridhar
credited
his
nine
year
old
son
for
the
name
saying
that
his
son
believed
jobs
lives
environment
and
children
would
bloom
16
One
of
the
celebrities
appearing
at
the
product
launch
was
Michael
R
Bloomberg
who
appeared
by
video
link
17
Bloomberg
s
business
news
network
covered
the
event
but
was
attributed
every
statement
to
Bloom
Energy
18
The
CEO
gave
a
media
interview
to
Fortune
Magazine
for
the
first
time
in
2010
eight
years
after
founding
the
company
because
of
pressure
from
his
customers
11
A
few
days
later
he
allowed
a
journalist
Lesley
Stahl
of
the
CBS
News
program
60
Minutes
to
see
the
factory
for
the
first
time
19
On
February
24
2010
the
company
held
its
first
press
conference
15
Costs
InstallationThe
current
cost
of
each
hand
made
100kW
Bloom
Energy
Server
is
700
000
800
000
In
the
next
stage
which
will
likely
be
mass
production
of
home
sized
units
Sridhar
hopes
to
more
than
halve
the
cost
of
each
home
sized
Bloom
server
to
under
3000
8
dubious
discuss
Bloom
estimates
the
size
of
a
home
sized
server
as
1
kilowatt
although
cNet
News
reports
critical
estimates
recommend
5kW
capacity
for
a
residence
20
The
capital
costs
according
to
NewsWeek
magazine
is
7
8
per
watt
3
According
to
the
New
York
Times
Green
Blog
in
early
2011
Bloom
Energy
unveiled
a
service
to
allow
customers
to
buy
the
electricity
generated
by
its
fuel
cells
without
incurring
the
capital
costs
of
purchasing
the
six
figure
devices
Under
the
Bloom
Electrons
service
4
customers
sign
10
year
contracts
to
purchase
the
electricity
generated
by
Bloom
Energy
Servers
while
the
company
retains
ownership
of
the
fuel
cells
and
responsibility
for
their
maintenance
We
re
able
to
tell
customers
You
don
t
have
to
put
any
money
up
front
you
pay
only
for
the
electrons
you
use
and
it
s
good
for
your
pocketbook
and
good
for
planet
CEO
K
R
Sridhar
said
21
UsageOn
24
February
2010
Sridhar
told
Todd
Woody
of
The
New
York
Times
that
his
devices
are
making
electricity
for
8
10
cents
kWh
using
natural
gas
which
is
cheaper
than
today
s
electricity
prices
in
some
parts
of
the
United
States
such
as
California
22
23
Twenty
percent
of
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
cost
savings
depend
upon
avoiding
transfer
losses
that
result
from
energy
grid
use
20
Bloom
Energy
is
developing
Power
Purchase
Agreements
to
sell
the
electricity
produced
by
the
boxes
rather
than
selling
the
boxes
themselves
in
order
to
address
customers
fears
about
box
maintenance
reliability
and
servicing
costs
19
Fifteen
percent
of
the
power
at
eBay
is
created
with
Bloom
technology
after
tax
incentives
that
paid
half
the
cost
eBay
expects
a
three
year
payback
period
for
the
remaining
half
based
on
California
s
0
14
kWh
cost
of
commercial
electricity
24
InstallationsThe
company
says
that
its
first
100
kW
Bloom
Energy
Servers
were
shipped
to
Google
in
July
2008
25
Four
such
servers
were
installed
at
Google
s
headquarters
in
Mountain
View
California
which
was
Bloom
Energy
s
first
customer
19
Another
installation
is
for
five
boxes
1
to
make
up
to
500kW
at
eBay
headquarters
in
San
Jose
California
19
Bloom
Energy
states
that
their
customers
include
Staples
300kW
December
2008
26
Walmart
800kW
January
2010
27
FedEx
500kW
28
The
Coca
Cola
Company
500kW
29
and
Bank
of
America
500kW
30
31
Each
of
these
installations
current
or
planned
are
located
in
California
Portable
unitsWriting
for
a
Wall
Street
Journal
blog
Rebecca
Smith
and
Jim
Carlton
speculated
that
portable
Bloom
Energy
Servers
could
be
used
instead
of
traditional
generators
by
the
armed
forces
32
Sridhar
plans
to
install
Bloom
Energy
Servers
in
third
world
nations
17
Ex
Chairman
of
the
Joint
Chiefs
of
Staff
Colin
Powell
now
a
Bloom
Energy
board
member
said
the
Bloom
Energy
generators
could
be
useful
to
the
military
because
they
are
lighter
more
efficient
and
generate
less
heat
than
what
the
military
uses
now
33
FeasibilityBloom
EnergyAccording
to
BBC
tech
blogger
Maggie
Shiels
Bloom
Energy
is
being
very
coy
and
playful
about
what
it
will
reveal
to
the
press
34
She
quotes
Michael
Kanellos
of
Greentech
Media
regarding
the
general
scope
and
feasibility
of
Bloom
Energy
s
plans
fuel
cells
are
not
new
technology
and
in
order
to
succeed
in
the
marketplace
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
would
need
to
be
cheaper
than
existing
types
of
renewable
energy
34
If
Bloom
Energy
can
develop
such
a
technology
Kanellos
predicts
that
established
energy
firms
such
as
General
Electric
would
derive
most
of
the
profits
due
to
greater
ability
to
manufacture
and
market
a
product
34
Jacob
Grose
senior
analyst
at
Lux
Research
told
Fortune
Magazine
that
he
doubts
Dr
Sridhar
has
come
up
with
a
way
of
making
these
ceramic
fuel
cells
cheaply
enough
to
be
truly
revolutionary
11
Bloom
Energy
Server
technology
is
based
upon
stacking
small
fuel
cells
which
operate
in
concert
7
15
USA
Today
claims
that
Bloom
Energy
has
made
a
technological
advance
by
developing
stacked
fuel
cells
where
individual
plates
expand
and
contract
at
the
same
rate
at
high
temperatures
7
however
many
other
solid
oxide
fuel
cell
producers
have
solved
that
problem
in
the
past
9
Scott
Samuelsen
of
the
University
of
California
Irvine
National
Fuel
Cell
Research
Center
questions
how
long
the
reliable
operational
life
of
Bloom
Servers
will
be
At
this
point
Bloom
has
excellent
potential
but
they
have
yet
to
demonstrate
that
they
ve
met
the
bars
of
reliability
15
Lawrence
Berkeley
National
Laboratory
expert
Michael
Tucker
told
the
San
Jose
Mercury
News
Because
they
operate
at
high
temperatures
they
can
accept
other
fuels
like
natural
gas
and
methane
and
that
s
an
enormous
advantage
The
disadvantage
is
that
they
can
shatter
as
they
are
heating
or
cooling
15
John
Doerr
a
venture
capitalist
who
has
a
large
investment
in
the
company
asserts
that
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
is
cheaper
and
cleaner
than
the
grid
1
35
An
expert
at
Gerson
Lehrman
Group
wrote
that
given
today
s
electricity
transmission
losses
of
about
7
and
utility
size
gas
fired
power
stations
efficiency
of
33
48
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
is
up
to
twice
as
efficient
as
a
gas
fired
power
station
2
In
a
followup
story
entitled
Bloom
Box
Segway
or
savior
Fortune
noted
on
24
February
2010
that
Bloom
has
still
not
released
numbers
about
how
much
the
Bloom
Box
costs
to
operate
per
kilowatt
hour
and
estimates
that
natural
gas
rather
than
bio
gas
will
be
the
primary
source
of
fuel
for
Bloom
Energy
Servers
36
Jonathan
Fahey
of
Forbes
wrote
Are
we
really
falling
for
this
again
Every
clean
tech
company
on
the
planet
says
it
can
produce
clean
energy
cheaply
yet
not
a
single
one
can
Government
subsidies
or
mandates
keep
the
entire
worldwide
industry
afloat
Hand
it
to
Bloom
the
company
has
managed
to
tap
into
the
hype
machine
like
no
other
clean
tech
company
in
memory
37
EfficiencyCurrent
gas
fired
power
stations
convert
chemical
energy
to
thermal
energy
to
mechanical
energy
to
electrical
energy
A
modern
combined
cycle
gas
turbine
power
plant
CCGT
can
reach
60
overall
efficiency
Sridhar
says
Bloom
Boxes
convert
chemical
energy
to
electrical
energy
in
one
step
and
are
more
fuel
efficient
than
current
gas
fired
power
stations
and
also
reduce
transmission
distribution
losses
by
producing
power
where
it
is
used
38
Each
Bloom
Energy
Server
provides
100kW
of
power
enough
to
meet
the
baseload
needs
of
100
average
homes
or
a
small
office
building
39
Sridhar
also
said
the
boxes
will
have
a
10
year
life
span
23
although
that
could
include
replacing
the
cells
within
the
boxes
during
that
time
period
The
CEO
of
eBay
says
Bloom
Energy
Servers
have
saved
the
company
100
000
in
electricity
bills
since
they
were
installed
in
mid
2009
8
yet
Paul
Keegan
of
Fortune
calls
that
figure
meaningless
without
the
details
to
see
how
he
got
there
36
Long
term
business
caseAssuming
a
50
cost
reduction
in
the
future
one
could
argue
that
the
best
case
scenario
for
the
200
KW
unit
would
be
a
capital
installed
cost
comparable
to
today
s
100
KW
units
i
e
around
800
000
Using
average
Electricity
0
1
KWh
and
Natural
Gas
3
MMBtu
prices
and
assuming
a
6
per
year
maintenance
operating
cost
apart
from
the
fuel
the
break
even
period
for
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
comes
to
over
8
years
based
on
published
performance
numbers
40
Parameter
NameValueUnit
descriptionFuel
Natural
Gas
flow
rate
for
200
KW
Bloom
Energy
Server1
32MMBtu
hrFuel
energy
in
rate
in
KW
1
MMBTU
CH4
293
KW
386
76KWFuel
cost
3
96per
hourElectric
output
rate200KWSystem
efficiency
Natural
Gas
gt
Electricity52
percent
conversion
of
Natural
Gas
energy
to
electrical
energyElectricity
cost
0
10per
KWhElectricity
produced
revenue
20
00per
hourCO2
produced773lb
MWhRun
cost
savings
per
bloom
box
electricity
revenue
less
fuel
cost
16
04per
hourCost
savings
per
year
assuming
24X7
full
load
operation
140
510
40per
yearCapital
cost
estimated
minimum
cost
after
projected
reductions
800
000
00for
each
200
KW
unitAnnual
maintenance
operation
cost6
as
a
fraction
of
capital
cost
per
yearCost
savings
after
maintenance
costs
92
510
40per
yearBreak
even
period8
6yearsThese
numbers
mean
that
the
total
lifetime
of
these
systems
would
need
to
exceed
15
20
years
to
make
an
argument
for
a
viable
long
term
business
case
without
federal
state
local
incentives
and
subsidies
The
analysis
might
be
somewhat
different
if
the
systems
are
used
mainly
for
peak
power
shaving
when
electricity
costs
can
exceed
0
15
KWh
however
the
intermittent
nature
of
such
peak
periods
would
likely
reduce
the
overall
impact
on
the
estimated
break
even
period
using
average
cost
figures
for
electricity
and
natural
gas
A
reliable
bio
derived
source
of
fuel
bio
gas
would
also
tip
the
argument
in
a
favorable
direction
however
such
sources
are
not
typically
located
near
customer
sites
CompetitionA
Gerson
Lehrman
Group
analyst
wrote
that
GE
dismantled
its
fuel
cell
group
five
years
ago
and
Siemens
have
almost
dismantled
theirs
2
United
Technologies
is
the
only
large
conglomerate
that
has
fuel
cell
technology
that
could
compete
with
Bloom
Energy
2
Toshiba
only
has
technology
to
provide
energy
for
a
small
device
not
a
neighborhood
2
Katie
Fehrenbacher
of
Business
Week
reports
that
Sprint
Nextel
owns
15
patents
on
hydrogen
fuel
cells
and
is
using
250
fuel
cells
to
provide
backup
power
for
its
operations
41
Sprint
has
been
using
fuel
cell
power
since
2005
41
Last
year
Sprint
s
fuel
cell
program
received
a
grant
of
over
7
million
from
the
United
States
Department
of
Energy
41
The
Sprint
program
has
partnered
with
ReliOn
and
Altergy
for
fuel
cell
manufacture
and
with
Air
Products
as
a
hydrogen
supplier
41
Business
Week
reported
that
a
German
fuel
cell
firm
called
P21
which
is
based
in
Munich
has
been
working
on
similar
projects
to
supply
backup
power
for
cellular
operations
41
United
Technologies
makes
fuel
cells
costing
4
500
per
kilowatt
In
October
2009
the
Department
of
Energy
awarded
nearly
25
million
in
grants
for
research
and
development
of
solar
fuels
which
Michael
Kannelos
notes
in
Wired
may
be
similar
technology
to
the
solar
cells
in
Sridhar
s
description
of
the
Bloom
Energy
Server
10
42
Department
of
Energy
grant
recipients
included
a
variety
of
startup
companies
and
universities
42
According
to
an
article
in
NewScientist
there
is
a
claim
stating
the
Bloom
Box
is
electrolyte
supported
and
based
on
that
there
are
at
least
two
well
established
companies
Topsoe
Fuel
Cell
5
and
Ceres
Power
already
rolling
out
products
with
more
advanced
non
electrolyte
supported
cells
Ceres
has
a
four
year
program
to
install
37
500
units
in
the
homes
of
customers
of
the
UK
s
British
Gas
43
Ballard
Power
s
comparably
scaled
products
are
based
on
proton
exchange
membrane
fuel
cells
Ballard
s
150kW
units
are
intended
for
mobile
applications
such
as
municipal
buses
44
while
their
larger
1MW
stationary
systems
are
configured
from
banks
of
11kW
building
blocks
45
Another
competitor
that
already
has
product
in
market
in
Europe
and
Australia
is
Ceramic
Fuel
Cells
46
with
an
efficiency
of
60
for
the
power
only
units
these
fuel
cells
are
based
on
proven
technology
spun
off
from
Australia
s
CSIRO
See
alsoHome
fuel
cell
References
a
b
c
Tech
Pioneers
Who
Will
Change
Your
Life
Time
Magazine
2009
12
17
http
www
time
com
time
specials
packages
article
0
28804
1948486
1948485
1948479
00
html
Retrieved
24
February
2010
a
b
c
d
e
GLG
Expert
Contributor
22
February
2010
Answering
the
Unanswered
Questions
Gerson
Lehrman
Group
http
www
glgroup
com
News
The
Bloom
Energy
Bloom
Box
Answering
the
Unanswered
Questions
46756
html
Bloom
Box
What
is
it
and
how
does
it
work
Christian
Science
Monitor
22
February
2010
http
www
csmonitor
com
USA
Society
2010
0222
Bloom
Box
What
is
it
and
how
does
it
work
http
www
mobilemag
com
2010
02
25
bloom
energy
server
unveiled
bloom
box
not
for
the
home
just
yet
Goldenberg
Suzanne
22
February
2010
Bloom
Box
fuel
cell
launch
London
The
Guardian
http
www
guardian
co
uk
environment
2010
feb
22
bloom
box
fuel
cell
launch
Industry
leading
companies
choose
Bloom
Electrons
for
immediate
cost
savings
and
carbon
reduction
benefits
Press
release
Bloom
Energy
20
January
2011
http
www
bd
com
press
pdfs
Bloom
Electrons
Customer
Press
Release
pdf
Retrieved
30
June
2011
a
b
c
Schmit
Julie
24
February
2010
Clean
cheap
power
from
fuel
cells
in
a
box
USA
Today
http
www
usatoday
com
tech
news
2010
02
24
fuel
cell
N
htm
a
b
c
d
e
The
Bloom
Box
An
Energy
Breakthrough
60
Minutes
February
21
2010
http
www
cbsnews
com
stories
2010
02
18
60minutes
main6221135
shtml
Retrieved
2010
02
22
a
b
Subhash
C
Singhal
Kevin
Kendall
2003
High
temperature
solid
oxide
fuel
cells
fundamentals
design
and
applications
book
Elsevier
ISBN1856173879
http
books
google
dk
books
id
LjSBsqGdxvsC
amp
lpg
PP1
amp
ots
Rn
i
eEh1A
amp
dq
singhal
20high
20temperature
20solid
20oxide
20fuel
20cells
amp
hl
en
amp
pg
PA10
v
onepage
amp
q
amp
f
false
a
b
Kanellos
Michael
22
February
2010
Bloom
Box
fuel
cell
launch
Wired
http
www
wired
com
epicenter
2010
02
is
bloom
energy
E2
80
99s
secret
ingredient
zirconia
Retrieved
24
February
2010
a
b
c
d
e
1
x
19
February
2010
Is
K
R
Sridhar
s
magic
box
ready
for
prime
time
Fortune
Magazine
http
brainstormtech
blogs
fortune
cnn
com
2010
02
19
is
k
r
sridhars
magic
box
ready
for
prime
time
Retrieved
26
February
2010
Bloom
Energy
Shifts
Power
via
Fuel
Cells
BusinessWeek
December
7
2009
http
www
businessweek
com
print
globalbiz
content
dec2009
gb2009127
746740
htm
Retrieved
2010
02
22
The
Bloom
Box
An
Energy
Breakthrough
CBS
News
February
18
2010
http
www
cbsnews
com
stories
2010
02
18
60minutes
main6221135
shtml
Retrieved
2010
02
24
Coursey
David
February
23
2010
Why
I
m
Bullish
on
Bloom
Energy
PC
World
http
www
pcworld
com
businesscenter
article
190058
why
im
bullish
on
bloom
energy
html
Retrieved
2010
02
24
a
b
c
d
e
Bloom
Energy
unveils
its
Bloom
Box
fuel
cell
San
Jose
Mercury
News
February
24
2010
http
www
mercurynews
com
breaking
news
ci
14461347
nclick
check
1
Retrieved
2010
02
24
Gaylord
Chris
22
February
2010
Bloom
Box
What
60
Minutes
left
out
Christian
Science
Monitor
http
www
csmonitor
com
Innovation
Horizons
2010
0222
Bloom
Box
What
60
Minutes
left
out
Retrieved
26
February
2010
a
b
Live
from
the
Bloom
Box
press
event
Engadget
http
www
engadget
com
2010
02
24
live
from
the
bloom
box
press
event
Retrieved
2010
02
24
Chediak
Mark
24
February
2010
Bloom
Energy
Says
Generator
Can
Produce
100
Kilowatts
Update1
Bloomberg
http
www
bloomberg
com
apps
news
pid
newsarchive
amp
sid
abLY
cuMnixE
a
b
c
d
Bloom
Energy
Revealed
on
60
Minutes
Greentech
Media
Greentechmedia
com
19
February
2010
http
www
greentechmedia
com
articles
read
Bloom
Energy
Revealed
Retrieved
2010
02
24
a
b
Bloom
Box
challenges
Reliability
cost
cNet
News
February
24
2010
http
news
cnet
com
8301
13924
3
10458980
64
html
Retrieved
2010
02
24
Woody
Todd
January
20
2011
An
Affordable
Way
to
Buy
Fuel
Cell
Power
New
York
Times
http
green
blogs
nytimes
com
2011
01
20
an
affordable
way
to
buy
fuel
cell
power
Retrieved
2011
02
21
Woody
Todd
2010
02
24
A
maker
of
fuel
cells
blooms
in
California
New
York
Times
blogs
http
bits
blogs
nytimes
com
2010
02
24
a
maker
of
fuel
cells
blooms
in
california
Retrieved
2010
04
26
a
b
Woody
Todd
24
February
2010
Bloom
Energy
Claims
a
New
Fuel
Cell
Technology
New
York
Times
http
www
nytimes
com
2010
02
24
business
energy
environment
24bloom
html
A
Maker
of
Fuel
Cells
Blooms
in
California
The
New
York
Times
February
24
2010
http
bits
blogs
nytimes
com
2010
02
24
a
maker
of
fuel
cells
blooms
in
california
Retrieved
2010
02
24
NASA
Technology
Comes
to
Earth
http
www
bloomenergy
com
about
company
history
Retrieved
24
February
2010
primary
source
Be
The
Solution
Customer
Story
Staples
Bloom
Energy
http
www
bloomenergy
com
customers
customer
story
staples
Retrieved
2010
02
24
primary
source
Be
The
Solution
Customer
Story
Walmart
Bloom
Energy
http
www
bloomenergy
com
customers
customer
story
walmart
Retrieved
2010
02
24
primary
source
Be
The
Solution
Customer
Story
FedEx
Bloom
Energy
http
www
bloomenergy
com
customers
customer
story
fedex
Retrieved
2010
02
24
primary
source
Be
The
Solution
Customer
Story
Coca
Cola
Bloom
Energy
http
www
bloomenergy
com
customers
customer
story
coke
Retrieved
2010
02
24
primary
source
Be
The
Solution
Customer
Story
Bank
of
America
Bloom
Energy
http
www
bloomenergy
com
customers
customer
story
bank
of
america
Retrieved
2010
02
24
Press
kit
Bloom
Energy
http
www
bloomenergy
com
about
press
kit
Retrieved
24
February
2010
primary
source
Smith
Rebecca
2010
02
22
The
Bloom
Box
Energy
Breakthrough
or
Silicon
Valley
Hype
Wall
Street
Journal
http
blogs
wsj
com
digits
2010
02
22
the
bloom
box
energy
breakthrough
or
silicon
valley
hype
1
a
b
c
Valley
Vibe
Is
the
Bloom
Box
energy
nirvana
BBC
http
www
bbc
co
uk
blogs
thereporters
maggieshiels
2010
02
valley
buzz
energy
nirvana
twe
html
Retrieved
23
February
2010
E
mail
This
2010
02
24
Bloom
Energy
Claims
a
New
Fuel
Cell
Technology
DealBook
Blog
NYTimes
com
Dealbook
blogs
nytimes
com
http
dealbook
blogs
nytimes
com
2010
02
24
bloom
energy
claims
a
new
fuel
cell
technology
Retrieved
2010
02
24
a
b
Bloom
Box
Segway
or
savior
Fortune
http
brainstormtech
blogs
fortune
cnn
com
2010
02
23
bloom
box
segway
or
savior
section
magazines
fortune
Retrieved
24
February
2010
Fahey
Jonathan
2010
02
24
What
Bloom
Energy
Needs
To
Prove
Forbes
http
www
forbes
com
2010
02
24
fuel
cell
utc
technology
ecotech
bloom
energy
html
boxes
techchannelsections
Retrieved
24
February
2010
Fresh
Dialogs
2
http
www
bloomenergy
com
fuel
cell
es
5700
data
sheet
a
b
c
d
e
Fehrenbacher
Katie
February
23
2010
Phone
Companies
Are
Developing
Fuel
Cells
Too
Business
Week
http
www
businessweek
com
technology
content
feb2010
tc20100223
146116
htm
Retrieved
2010
02
24
a
b
New
Form
of
Solar
Energy
Direct
Solar
Fuel
Business
Week
October
28
2009
http
www
greentechmedia
com
articles
read
a
new
form
of
solar
energy
direct
solar
fuels
Retrieved
2010
02
24
Innovation
Bloom
didn
t
start
a
fuel
cell
revolution
February
26
2010
http
www
newscientist
com
article
dn18584
innovation
bloom
didnt
start
a
fuelcell
revolution
html
PEM
FC
Product
Portfolio
Ballard
Power
http
www
ballard
com
files
pdf
Spec
Sheets
PEM
FC
Product
Portfolio
docmetrics
pdf
Retrieved
2010
03
04
Application
Overview
Ballard
Power
http
www
ballard
com
Stationary
Power
Distributed
Power
Generation
Application
Overview
htm
Retrieved
2010
03
04
CFCL
Ceramic
Fuel
Cells
http
www
cfcl
com
au
Retrieved
2010
05
17
External
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Energy
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affirmative action
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Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopediaJump
to
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searchFor
the
history
and
implementation
of
affirmative
action
in
the
U
S
see
Affirmative
action
in
the
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States
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January
2010
Affirmative
action
refers
to
policies
that
take
factors
including
race
color
religion
gender
sexual
orientation
or
national
origin
1
into
consideration
in
order
to
benefit
an
underrepresented
group
usually
justified
as
countering
the
effects
of
a
history
of
discrimination
Contents1
Origins2
Purpose3
Quotas4
International
policies5
National
approaches5
1
The
Americas5
2
Middle
East5
3
South
Asia5
4
East
Asia5
5
South
East
Asia
and
Oceania5
6
Europe5
7
South
Africa5
7
1
Apartheid5
7
2
Post
apartheid
Employment
Equity6
Alternative
views7
Debate7
1
Polls7
2
Support7
3
Opposition8
Mismatching9
See
also10
Notes11
References12
External
links
OriginsThe
term
affirmative
action
was
first
used
in
the
United
States
It
first
appeared
in
Executive
Order
10925
which
was
signed
by
President
John
F
Kennedy
on
March
6
1961
and
it
was
used
to
refer
to
measures
to
achieve
non
discrimination
In
1965
President
Lyndon
B
Johnson
issued
Executive
Order
11246
which
required
federal
contractors
to
take
affirmative
action
to
hire
without
regard
to
race
religion
and
national
origin
In
1968
gender
was
added
to
the
anti
discrimination
list
2
Matching
procedures
in
other
countries
are
also
known
as
reservation
in
India
positive
discrimination
in
the
United
Kingdom
and
employment
equity
in
Canada
PurposeAffirmative
action
is
intended
to
promote
equal
opportunity
It
is
often
instituted
in
government
and
educational
settings
to
ensure
that
minority
groups
within
a
society
are
included
in
all
programs
The
justification
for
affirmative
action
is
that
it
helps
to
compensate
for
past
discrimination
persecution
or
exploitation
by
the
ruling
class
of
a
culture
3
and
to
address
existing
discrimination
4
The
implementation
of
affirmative
action
especially
in
the
United
States
is
considered
by
its
proponents
to
be
justified
by
disparate
impact
QuotasQuotas
are
not
legal
in
the
United
States
No
employer
university
or
other
entity
may
create
a
set
number
required
for
each
race
5
In
Sweden
the
Supreme
Court
has
ruled
that
affirmative
action
ethnic
quotas
in
universities
are
discrimination
and
hence
unlawful
It
said
that
the
requirements
for
the
intake
should
be
the
same
for
all
The
Justice
Chancellor
said
that
the
decision
left
no
room
for
uncertainty
6
International
policiesThe
International
Convention
on
the
Elimination
of
All
Forms
of
Racial
Discrimination
stipulates
in
Article
2
2
that
affirmative
action
programs
may
be
required
of
countries
that
ratified
the
convention
in
order
to
rectify
systematic
discrimination
It
states
however
that
such
programs
shall
in
no
case
entail
as
a
consequence
the
maintenance
of
unequal
or
separate
rights
for
different
racial
groups
after
the
objectives
for
which
they
were
taken
have
been
achieved
The
United
Nations
Human
Animals
Rights
Committee
states
that
the
principle
of
equality
sometimes
requires
States
parties
to
take
affirmative
action
in
order
to
diminish
or
eliminate
conditions
which
cause
or
help
to
perpetuate
discrimination
prohibited
by
the
Covenant
For
example
in
a
State
where
the
general
conditions
of
a
certain
part
of
the
population
prevent
or
impair
their
enjoyment
of
human
rights
the
State
should
take
specific
action
to
correct
those
conditions
Such
action
may
involve
granting
for
a
time
to
the
part
of
the
population
concerned
certain
preferential
treatment
in
specific
matters
as
compared
with
the
rest
of
the
population
However
as
long
as
such
action
is
needed
to
correct
discrimination
in
fact
it
is
a
case
of
legitimate
differentiation
under
the
Covenant
7
National
approachesIn
some
countries
which
have
laws
on
racial
equality
affirmative
action
is
rendered
illegal
because
it
does
not
treat
all
races
equally
This
approach
of
equal
treatment
is
sometimes
described
as
being
color
blind
in
hopes
that
it
is
effective
against
discrimination
without
engaging
in
reverse
discrimination
In
such
countries
the
focus
tends
to
be
on
ensuring
equal
opportunity
and
for
example
targeted
advertising
campaigns
to
encourage
ethnic
minority
candidates
to
join
the
police
force
This
is
sometimes
described
as
positive
action
The
AmericasBrazil
Some
Brazilian
Universities
State
and
Federal
have
created
systems
of
preferred
admissions
quotas
for
racial
minorities
blacks
and
native
Brazilians
the
poor
and
people
with
disabilities
There
are
already
quotas
of
up
to
20
of
vacancies
reserved
for
the
disabled
in
the
civil
public
services
8
The
Democrats
party
accusing
the
board
of
directors
of
University
of
Bras
lia
of
nazism
questioned
the
constitutionality
of
the
quotas
the
University
reserves
to
minorities
on
the
Supreme
Federal
Court
9
Canada
The
equality
section
of
the
Canadian
Charter
of
Rights
and
Freedoms
explicitly
permits
affirmative
action
type
legislation
although
the
Charter
does
not
require
legislation
that
gives
preferential
treatment
Subsection
2
of
Section
15
states
that
the
equality
provisions
do
not
preclude
any
law
program
or
activity
that
has
as
its
object
the
amelioration
of
conditions
of
disadvantaged
individuals
or
groups
including
those
that
are
disadvantaged
because
of
race
national
or
ethnic
origin
colour
religion
sex
age
or
mental
or
physical
disability
The
Canadian
Employment
Equity
Act
requires
employers
in
federally
regulated
industries
to
give
preferential
treatment
to
four
designated
groups
Women
people
with
disabilities
aboriginal
people
and
visible
minorities
In
most
Canadian
Universities
people
of
Aboriginal
background
normally
have
lower
entrance
requirements
and
are
eligible
to
receive
exclusive
scholarships
Some
provinces
and
territories
also
have
affirmative
action
type
policies
For
example
in
Northwest
Territories
in
the
Canadian
north
aboriginal
people
are
given
preference
for
jobs
and
education
and
are
considered
to
have
P1
status
Non
aboriginal
people
who
were
born
in
the
NWT
or
have
resided
half
of
their
life
there
are
considered
a
P2
as
well
as
women
and
disabled
people
10
See
also
Employment
equity
in
Canada
Main
article
Affirmative
action
in
the
United
StatesUnited
States
Affirmative
action
was
first
established
in
Executive
Order
10925
which
was
signed
by
President
John
F
Kennedy
on
March
6
1961
and
required
government
contractors
to
not
discriminate
against
any
employee
or
applicant
for
employment
because
of
race
creed
color
or
national
origin
as
well
as
to
take
affirmative
action
to
ensure
that
applicants
are
employed
and
that
employees
are
treated
during
employment
without
regard
to
their
race
creed
color
or
national
origin
11
This
executive
order
was
superseded
by
Executive
Order
11246
which
was
signed
by
President
Lyndon
B
Johnson
on
September
24
1965
and
affirmed
the
Federal
Government
s
commitment
to
promote
the
full
realization
of
equal
employment
opportunity
through
a
positive
continuing
program
in
each
executive
department
and
agency
1
It
is
notable
that
affirmative
action
was
not
extended
to
women
until
Executive
Order
11375
amended
Executive
Order
11246
on
October
13
1967
expanding
the
definition
to
include
sex
As
it
currently
stands
affirmative
action
through
Executive
Order
11246
applies
to
race
color
religion
sex
or
national
origin
In
the
U
S
affirmative
action
s
original
purpose
was
to
pressure
institutions
into
compliance
with
the
nondiscrimination
mandate
of
the
Civil
Rights
Act
of
1964
4
The
Civil
Rights
Acts
do
not
cover
veterans
people
with
disabilities
or
people
over
40
These
groups
are
protected
from
discrimination
under
different
laws
12
Affirmative
action
has
been
the
subject
of
numerous
court
cases
13
and
has
been
contested
on
constitutional
grounds
In
2003
a
Supreme
Court
decision
Grutter
v
Bollinger
539
US
306
Supreme
Court
2003
concerning
affirmative
action
in
universities
allowed
educational
institutions
to
consider
race
as
a
factor
in
admitting
students
but
ruled
that
strict
point
systems
are
unconstitutional
14
Conservatives
say
that
state
officials
have
widely
disobeyed
it
who
Alternatively
some
colleges
use
financial
criteria
to
attract
racial
groups
that
have
typically
been
under
represented
and
typically
have
lower
living
conditions
Some
states
such
as
California
California
Civil
Rights
Initiative
Michigan
Michigan
Civil
Rights
Initiative
and
Washington
Initiative
200
have
passed
constitutional
amendments
banning
affirmative
action
within
their
respective
states
Middle
EastIsrael
In
attempt
to
close
the
gap
between
Arab
and
Jewish
education
sectors
the
Israeli
education
minister
announced
an
affirmative
action
policy
promising
that
Arabs
would
be
granted
25
of
the
education
budget
more
than
their
proportional
share
in
the
population
18
He
also
added
that
the
ministry
would
support
the
creations
of
an
Arab
academic
college
15
South
AsiaIndiaMain
article
Reservation
in
IndiaSri
Lanka
In
1971
the
Standardization
policy
of
Sri
Lankan
universities
was
introduced
as
an
affirmative
action
program
for
students
from
areas
which
had
poor
educational
facilities
due
to
200
years
purposeful
discrimination
by
British
colonialists
The
British
had
practised
communal
favoritism
towards
Christians
and
the
minority
Tamil
community
for
the
entire
200
years
they
had
controlled
Sri
Lanka
as
part
of
a
policy
of
divide
and
conquer
East
AsiaJapan
Admission
to
universities
as
well
as
all
government
positions
including
teachers
are
determined
by
the
entrance
exam
which
is
extremely
competitive
at
the
top
level
It
is
illegal
to
include
sex
ethnicity
or
other
social
background
but
not
nationality
in
criteria
however
there
are
informal
policies
to
provide
employment
and
long
term
welfare
which
is
usually
not
available
to
general
public
to
Burakumin
at
municipality
level
People
s
Republic
of
China
Preferential
policies
required
some
of
the
top
positions
in
governments
be
distributed
to
ethnic
minorities
and
women
Also
many
universities
are
required
by
government
to
give
preferred
admissions
to
ethnic
minorities
16
17
South
Korea
Admission
to
universities
is
also
determined
by
the
strict
entrance
exam
which
is
extremely
competitive
at
the
top
level
But
most
of
all
Korean
universities
at
the
top
level
are
adapting
some
affirmative
actions
in
cases
of
Chinese
ethnic
minority
North
Korean
refugees
etc
in
their
recruiting
new
students
Besides
national
universities
have
been
pressed
by
the
Korean
government
so
now
they
are
trying
to
meet
the
governmental
goal
which
is
to
recruit
a
proportion
of
female
professors
South
East
Asia
and
OceaniaMalaysia
The
Malaysian
New
Economic
Policy
or
NEP
serves
as
a
form
of
affirmative
action
Malaysia
provides
affirmative
action
to
the
majority
because
in
general
the
Malays
have
lower
income
than
the
Chinese
who
have
traditionally
been
involved
in
businesses
and
industries
18
Malaysia
is
a
multi
ethnic
country
with
Malays
making
up
the
majority
of
close
to
52
of
the
population
About
30
of
the
population
are
Malaysians
of
Chinese
descent
while
Malaysians
of
Indian
descent
comprise
about
8
of
the
population
Government
policy
provides
preferential
placement
for
ethnic
Malays
and
95
of
all
new
intakes
for
the
army
hospital
nurses
police
and
other
government
institutions
are
Malays
As
of
2004
only
7
of
all
government
servants
are
ethnic
Chinese
a
drop
from
30
in
1960
All
eight
of
the
directors
of
the
national
petroleum
company
Petronas
are
Malays
and
only
3
of
Petronas
employees
are
Chinese
Additionally
95
of
all
government
contracts
are
awarded
to
ethnic
Malays
19
See
also
Bumiputra
The
mean
income
for
Malays
Chinese
and
Indians
in
1957
58
were
134
288
and
228
respectively
In
1967
68
it
was
154
329
and
245
and
in
1970
it
was
170
390
and
300
Mean
income
disparity
ratio
for
Chinese
Malays
rose
from
2
1
in
1957
58
to
2
3
in
1970
whereas
for
Indians
Malays
the
disparity
ratio
also
rose
from
1
7
to
1
8
in
the
same
period
20
The
Malays
viewed
Independence
as
restoring
their
proper
place
in
their
own
country
s
socioeconomic
order
while
the
non
Malays
were
opposing
government
efforts
to
advance
Malay
political
primacy
and
economic
welfare
The
rising
tension
and
resentment
of
the
Malays
for
the
Chinese
and
vice
versa
culminated
in
the
vicious
riots
of
13
May
1969
21
The
favoring
of
Malays
has
led
to
racial
segregation
in
schools
and
universities
Moreover
many
Chinese
owned
companies
have
avoided
expansion
of
activities
in
order
to
avoid
the
30
Malay
ownership
quota
Nowadays
the
positive
discrimination
is
often
viewed
as
harmful
for
the
people
and
economy
22
New
Zealand
Individuals
of
M
ori
or
other
Polynesian
descent
are
often
afforded
improved
access
to
university
courses
or
have
scholarships
earmarked
specifically
for
them
23
EuropeFinland
In
certain
university
education
programs
including
legal
and
medical
education
there
are
quotas
for
persons
who
reach
a
certain
standard
of
skills
in
the
Swedish
language
for
students
admitted
in
these
quotas
the
education
is
partially
arranged
in
Swedish
24
25
The
purpose
of
the
quotas
is
to
guarantee
that
a
sufficient
number
of
professionals
with
skills
in
Swedish
are
educated
for
nation
wide
needs
24
The
quota
system
has
met
with
criticism
from
the
Finnish
speaking
majority
some
of
whom
consider
the
system
unfair
In
addition
to
these
linguistic
quotas
women
may
get
preferential
treatment
in
recruitment
for
certain
public
sector
jobs
if
there
is
a
gender
imbalance
in
the
field
France
No
distinctions
based
on
race
religion
or
sex
are
allowed
under
the
1958
French
Constitution
http
thisnation
com
library
france
html
Since
the
1980s
a
French
version
of
affirmative
action
based
on
neighborhood
is
in
place
for
primary
and
secondary
education
Some
schools
in
neighborhoods
labeled
Priority
Education
Zones
are
granted
more
funds
than
the
others
Students
from
these
schools
also
benefit
from
special
policies
in
certain
institutions
such
as
Sciences
Po
citation
needed
The
French
Ministry
of
Defence
tried
in
1990
to
give
more
easily
higher
ranks
and
driving
licenses
to
young
French
soldiers
with
North
African
ancestry
After
a
strong
protest
by
a
young
French
lieutenant
26
in
the
Ministry
of
Defence
newspaper
Arm
es
d
aujourd
hui
this
driving
license
and
rank
project
was
cancelled
After
the
Sarkozy
election
a
new
attempt
in
favour
of
Arabian
French
students
was
made
but
Sarkozy
did
not
gain
enough
political
support
to
change
the
French
constitution
However
highly
ranked
French
schools
do
implement
affirmative
action
in
that
they
are
obligated
to
take
a
certain
amount
of
students
from
impoverished
families
27
Additionally
following
the
Norwegian
example
after
January
27
2014
women
must
represent
at
least
20
of
board
members
in
all
stock
exchange
listed
or
state
owned
companies
After
January
27
2017
the
proportion
will
increase
to
40
All
male
director
nominations
will
be
invalid
as
long
as
the
condition
is
not
met
and
financial
penalties
may
apply
for
other
directors
28
The
Right
Honourable
The
Lord
Dahrendorf
KBE
was
in
favour
of
affirmative
actionGermany
Article
3
of
the
German
Basic
Law
provides
for
equal
rights
of
all
people
regardless
of
sex
race
or
social
background
There
are
programs
stating
that
if
men
and
women
have
equal
qualifications
women
have
to
be
preferred
for
a
job
moreover
the
handicapped
should
be
preferred
to
healthy
people
This
is
typical
for
all
positions
in
state
and
university
service
as
of
2007
typically
using
the
phrase
We
try
to
increase
diversity
in
this
line
of
work
In
recent
years
there
has
been
a
long
public
debate
about
whether
to
issue
programs
that
would
grant
women
a
privileged
access
to
jobs
in
order
to
fight
discrimination
Germany
s
Left
Party
brought
up
the
discussion
about
affirmative
action
in
Germany
s
school
system
According
to
Stefan
Zillich
quotas
should
be
a
possibility
to
help
working
class
children
who
did
not
do
well
in
school
gain
access
to
a
Gymnasium
University
preparatory
school
29
Headmasters
of
Gymnasien
have
objected
saying
that
this
type
of
policy
would
be
a
disservice
to
poor
children
30
In
2009
the
Berlin
Senate
decided
that
Berlin
s
Gymnasium
should
no
longer
be
allowed
to
handpick
all
of
their
students
It
was
ruled
that
while
Gymnasien
should
be
able
to
pick
70
to
65
of
their
students
the
other
places
at
the
Gymnasien
are
to
be
allocated
by
lottery
Every
child
will
be
able
to
enter
the
lottery
no
matter
how
he
or
she
performed
in
primary
school
It
is
hoped
that
this
policy
will
increase
the
number
of
working
class
students
attending
a
Gymnasium
31
The
Left
proposed
that
Berlin
Gymnasien
should
no
longer
be
allowed
to
expel
students
who
perform
poorly
so
that
the
students
who
won
a
Gymnasium
place
in
the
lottery
have
a
fair
chance
of
graduating
from
that
school
31
It
is
not
clear
yet
if
Berlin
s
senate
will
decide
in
favour
of
The
Lefts
proposal
There
is
also
a
discussion
going
on
if
affirmative
action
should
be
employed
to
help
the
children
and
grandchildren
of
the
so
called
Gastarbeiter
gain
better
access
to
German
universities
One
prominent
proponent
of
this
was
Lord
Ralf
Dahrendorf
32
It
is
argued
that
the
Gastarbeiter
willingly
came
to
Germany
to
help
build
the
industry
and
this
should
be
honored
Norway
In
all
public
limited
companies
PCL
boards
either
gender
should
be
represented
by
40
33
This
affects
roughly
400
companies
of
over
300
000
in
total
34
Republic
of
Macedonia
Minorities
most
notably
Albanians
are
allocated
quotas
for
access
to
state
universities
as
well
as
in
civil
public
services
citation
needed
Romania
Roma
people
gipsy
are
allocated
quotas
for
access
to
state
universities
citation
needed
Slovakia
The
Constitutional
Court
declared
in
October
2005
that
affirmative
action
i
e
providing
advantages
for
people
of
an
ethnic
or
racial
minority
group
as
being
against
its
Constitution
35
Sweden
Special
treatments
of
certain
groups
are
commonplace
in
Sweden
Leveraging
of
the
opportunities
of
these
groups
is
encouraged
by
the
state
One
example
is
the
police
who
give
women
and
people
from
other
cultural
and
ethnic
backgrounds
concessions
when
it
comes
to
testing
for
entrance
to
the
police
academy
citation
needed
United
Kingdom
In
the
UK
any
discrimination
quotas
or
favouritism
on
the
grounds
of
sex
race
and
ethnicity
is
generally
illegal
in
both
education
and
employment
23
36
Specific
exceptions
include
The
1998
Good
Friday
Agreement
required
that
the
Police
Service
of
Northern
Ireland
recruit
equal
numbers
of
Catholics
and
Protestants
in
order
to
eliminate
the
service
s
perceived
bias
towards
Protestants
The
Labour
Party
passed
the
Sex
Discrimination
Election
Candidates
Act
2002
allowing
them
to
use
all
women
shortlists
to
select
more
women
as
election
candidates
The
UK
Civil
Service
also
discriminates
in
favour
of
ethnic
minorities
and
people
from
low
income
households
in
that
it
runs
a
summer
intership
programme
that
only
BME
Britons
may
apply
for
The
Equality
Act
2010
establishes
the
principles
of
equality
and
their
implementation
in
the
UK
37
South
AfricaThis
section
needs
additional
citations
for
verification
Please
help
improve
this
article
by
adding
citations
to
reliable
sources
Unsourced
material
may
be
challenged
and
removed
February
2011
See
also
Black
Economic
Empowerment
ApartheidThe
Apartheid
government
as
a
matter
of
state
policy
favoured
white
owned
companies
and
as
a
result
the
majority
of
employers
in
South
Africa
were
and
still
are
owned
by
white
people
The
aforementioned
policies
achieved
the
desired
results
but
in
the
process
they
marginalised
and
excluded
black
people
Skilled
jobs
were
also
reserved
for
white
people
and
blacks
were
largely
used
as
unskilled
labour
enforced
by
legislation
including
the
Mines
and
Works
Act
the
Job
Reservations
Act
the
Native
Building
Workers
Act
the
Apprenticeship
Act
and
the
Bantu
Education
Act
38
creating
and
extending
the
colour
bar
in
South
African
labour
39
For
example
in
early
20th
century
South
Africa
mine
owners
preferred
hiring
black
workers
because
they
were
cheaper
40
Then
the
whites
successfully
persuaded
the
government
to
enact
laws
that
highly
restricted
the
blacks
employment
opportunities
40
Since
1960s
the
Apartheid
laws
had
been
weakened
Consequently
from
1975
to
1990
the
real
wages
of
black
manufacturing
workers
rose
by
50
that
of
whites
by
1
41
Post
apartheid
Employment
EquityFollowing
the
transition
to
democracy
in
1994
the
African
National
Congress
led
government
chose
to
implement
affirmative
action
legislation
to
correct
previous
imbalances
a
policy
known
as
Employment
Equity
As
such
the
formerly
privileged
white
minority
was
compelled
by
law
to
employ
previously
disenfranchised
groups
blacks
Indians
and
Coloureds
collectively
referred
to
as
blacks
A
related
but
distinct
concept
is
Black
Economic
Empowerment
42
The
Employment
Equity
Act
and
the
Broad
Based
Black
Economic
Empowerment
Act
aim
to
promote
and
achieve
equality
in
the
workplace
in
South
Africa
termed
equity
by
advancing
people
from
designated
groups
The
designated
groups
who
are
to
be
advanced
include
all
people
of
colour
women
including
white
women
and
disabled
people
Employment
Equity
legislation
requires
companies
employing
more
than
50
people
to
design
and
implement
plans
to
improve
the
representativity
of
workforce
demographics
and
report
them
to
the
Department
of
Labour
43
Employment
Equity
also
forms
part
of
a
company
s
Black
Economic
Empowerment
scorecard
in
a
relatively
complex
scoring
system
which
allows
for
some
flexibility
in
the
manner
in
which
each
company
meets
its
legal
commitments
each
company
is
required
to
meet
minimum
requirements
in
terms
of
representation
by
previously
disadvantaged
groups
The
matters
covered
include
equity
ownership
representation
at
employee
and
management
level
up
to
board
of
director
level
procurement
from
black
owned
businesses
and
social
investment
programs
amongst
others
The
policies
of
Employment
Equity
and
particularly
Black
Economic
empowerment
have
been
criticised
both
by
those
who
view
them
as
discriminatory
against
white
people
and
by
those
who
view
them
as
ineffectual
44
45
46
47
48
These
laws
cause
disproportionally
high
costs
for
small
companies
and
reduce
economic
growth
and
employment
41
The
laws
may
give
the
black
middle
class
some
advantage
but
can
make
the
worse
off
blacks
even
poorer
41
Moreover
the
supreme
court
has
ruled
that
in
principle
the
blacks
may
be
favored
but
in
practice
this
should
not
lead
to
unfair
discrimination
against
the
others
41
Yet
it
is
impossible
to
favor
somebody
without
discriminating
against
others
41
Alternative
viewsA
2009
Quinnipiac
University
survey
found
American
voters
opposed
to
the
application
of
affirmative
action
to
gay
people
65
over
27
percent
African
Americans
were
found
to
be
in
favor
by
54
over
38
percent
49
DebateThe
examples
and
perspective
in
this
section
deal
primarily
with
the
United
States
and
do
not
represent
a
worldwide
view
of
the
subject
Please
improve
this
article
and
discuss
the
issue
on
the
talk
page
May
2010
PollsAccording
to
a
poll
taken
by
USA
Today
in
2005
most
Americans
support
affirmative
action
for
women
with
minority
groups
it
is
more
split
50
Men
are
only
slightly
more
likely
to
support
affirmative
action
for
women
though
a
majority
of
both
do
50
However
a
slight
majority
of
Americans
do
believe
that
affirmative
action
goes
beyond
ensuring
access
and
goes
into
the
realm
of
preferential
treatment
50
More
recently
a
Quinnipiac
poll
from
June
2009
finds
that
55
of
Americans
feel
that
affirmative
action
should
be
abolished
yet
55
support
affirmative
action
for
disabled
people
51
A
Leger
poll
taken
in
2010
finds
59
of
Canadians
oppose
considering
race
gender
or
ethnicity
when
hiring
for
government
jobs
52
SupportThe
principle
of
affirmative
action
is
to
promote
societal
equality
through
the
preferential
treatment
of
socioeconomically
disadvantaged
people
Often
these
people
are
disadvantaged
for
historical
reasons
such
as
oppression
or
slavery
53
Historically
and
internationally
support
for
affirmative
action
has
sought
to
achieve
a
range
of
goals
bridging
inequalities
in
employment
and
pay
increasing
access
to
education
enriching
state
institutional
and
professional
leadership
with
the
full
spectrum
of
society
redressing
apparent
past
wrongs
harms
or
hindrances
in
particular
addressing
the
apparent
social
imbalance
left
in
the
wake
of
slavery
and
slave
laws
OppositionOpponents
of
affirmative
action
such
as
George
Sher
believe
that
affirmative
action
devalues
the
accomplishments
of
people
who
are
chosen
based
on
the
social
group
to
which
they
belong
rather
than
their
qualifications
54
Opponents
also
contend
that
affirmative
action
devalues
the
accomplishments
of
all
those
who
belong
to
groups
it
is
intended
to
help
therefore
making
affirmative
action
counterproductive
54
Opponents
55
who
sometimes
say
that
affirmative
action
is
reverse
discrimination
further
claim
that
affirmative
action
has
undesirable
side
effects
in
addition
to
failing
to
achieve
its
goals
They
argue
that
it
hinders
reconciliation
replaces
old
wrongs
with
new
wrongs
undermines
the
achievements
of
minorities
and
encourages
individuals
to
identify
themselves
as
disadvantaged
even
if
they
are
not
It
may
increase
racial
tension
and
benefit
the
more
privileged
people
within
minority
groups
at
the
expense
of
the
least
fortunate
within
majority
groups
such
as
lower
class
whites
56
American
economist
social
and
political
commentator
Dr
Thomas
Sowell
identified
some
negative
results
of
race
based
affirmative
action
in
his
book
Affirmative
Action
Around
the
World
An
Empirical
Study
57
Sowell
writes
that
affirmative
action
policies
encourage
non
preferred
groups
to
designate
themselves
as
members
of
preferred
groups
i
e
primary
beneficiaries
of
affirmative
action
to
take
advantage
of
group
preference
policies
that
they
tend
to
benefit
primarily
the
most
fortunate
among
the
preferred
group
e
g
upper
and
middle
class
blacks
often
to
the
detriment
of
the
least
fortunate
among
the
non
preferred
groups
e
g
poor
whites
or
Asians
that
they
reduce
the
incentives
of
both
the
preferred
and
non
preferred
to
perform
at
their
best
the
former
because
doing
so
is
unnecessary
and
the
latter
because
it
can
prove
futile
thereby
resulting
in
net
losses
for
society
as
a
whole
and
that
they
increase
animosity
toward
preferred
groups
MismatchingMismatching
is
the
term
given
to
the
negative
effect
that
affirmative
action
has
when
it
places
a
student
into
a
college
that
is
too
difficult
for
him
or
her
For
example
according
to
the
theory
in
the
absence
of
affirmative
action
a
student
will
be
admitted
to
a
college
that
matches
his
or
her
academic
ability
and
have
a
good
chance
of
graduating
However
according
to
the
mismatching
theory
affirmative
action
often
places
a
student
into
a
college
that
is
too
difficult
and
this
increases
the
student
s
chance
of
dropping
out
Thus
according
to
the
theory
affirmative
action
hurts
its
intended
beneficiaries
because
it
increases
their
dropout
rate
58
59
Evidence
in
support
of
the
mismatching
theory
was
presented
by
Gail
Heriot
a
professor
of
law
at
the
University
of
San
Diego
and
a
member
of
the
U
S
Commission
on
Civil
Rights
in
an
August
24
2007
article
published
in
the
Wall
Street
Journal
The
article
reported
on
a
2004
study
that
was
conducted
by
UCLA
law
professor
Richard
Sander
and
published
in
the
Stanford
Law
Review
The
study
concluded
that
there
were
7
9
fewer
black
attorneys
than
there
would
have
been
if
there
was
no
affirmative
action
The
study
was
titled
A
Systemic
Analysis
of
Affirmative
Action
in
American
Law
Schools
60
The
article
also
states
that
because
of
mismatching
blacks
are
more
likely
to
drop
out
of
law
school
and
fail
bar
exams
61
Sander
s
paper
on
mismatching
has
been
refuted
by
several
law
professors
including
Ian
Ayres
and
Richard
Brooks
from
Yale
who
use
Sander
s
data
to
show
that
eliminating
affirmative
action
would
actually
reduce
the
number
of
black
lawyers
by
12
7
62
A
series
of
published
replies
between
Sander
and
another
team
of
professors
puts
much
of
his
analysis
in
doubt
citation
needed
See
alsoAchievement
gapAffirmative
action
bake
saleAngry
white
maleCivil
and
political
rightsDiversity
business
Economic
discriminationHarrison
BergeronJewish
quotaMinority
rightsMulticulturalismLegacy
preferencesNumerus
claususPolitical
correctnessPositive
libertyPrinciple
policy
puzzleRacism
in
the
United
StatesTeaching
for
social
justiceWhite
GuiltWomen
s
rightsProgressive
stack
Notes
a
b
Executive
Order
11246
Equal
employment
opportunity
The
Federal
Register
http
www
archives
gov
federal
register
codification
executive
order
11246
html
Retrieved
5
2
2010
Affirmative
Action
History
and
Rationale
Clinton
Administration
s
Affirmative
Action
Review
Report
to
the
President
July
19
1995
http
clinton2
nara
gov
WH
EOP
OP
html
aa
aa02
html
Sowell
Thomas
2004
Affirmative
Action
Around
the
World
An
Empirical
Study
Yale
University
Press
ISBN
0
300
10199
6
a
b
Affirmative
Action
Stanford
Encyclopedia
of
Philosophy
April
1
2009
http
plato
stanford
edu
entries
affirmative
action
1
Uppsala
discriminated
against
Swedes
The
Local
21
Dec
06
United
Nations
Committee
on
Human
Rights
General
Comment
18
on
Non
discrimination
Paragraph
10
Plummer
Robert
Black
Brazil
Seeks
a
Better
Future
BBC
News
S
o
Paulo
25
September
2006
16
November
2006
DEM
entra
com
ADPF
contra
cotas
raciais
GNWT
Human
Resources
Affirmative
Action
Executive
Order
10925
Establishing
The
President
s
Committee
On
Equal
Employment
Opportunity
U
S
Equal
Employment
Opportunity
Commission
http
www
eeoc
gov
eeoc
history
35th
thelaw
eo
10925
html
Retrieved
5
2
2010
Federal
Employment
Discrimination
Laws
EmployeeIssues
com
http
employeeissues
com
discrimination
laws
htm
Retrieved
May
18
2010
Indy
fire
fighters
sue
city
charge
bias
also
see
Norma
M
Riccucci
Managing
Diversity
in
Public
Sector
Workforces
Boulder
CO
Westview
Press
2002
Highlights
of
the
2002
2003
Supreme
Court
Term
Middle
East
Contemporary
Survey
Volume
23
By
Bruce
Maddy
Weitzman
p
329
Graduate
Student
Admission
Ordainment
Ministry
of
Education
PRC
Ethnic
and
Religious
Affairs
Commission
of
Guangdong
Province
Encyclopedia
of
the
Nations
Malaysia
Poverty
and
Wealth
Bumiputra
Policy
in
Malaysia
Perumal
M
1989
Economic
Growth
and
Income
Inequality
in
Malaysia
1957
1984
Singapore
Economic
Review
Vol
34
No
2
pp
33
46
Income
Inequality
and
Poverty
in
Malaysia
by
Shireen
Mardziah
Hashim
A
survey
of
Malaysia
The
slaughter
of
sacred
cows
Some
cherished
policies
are
being
re
examined
The
Economist
Apr
3rd
2003
a
b
UK
Commission
for
Racial
Equality
website
Affirmative
action
around
the
world
a
b
Hakuopas
2011
L
ketieteen
ja
hammasl
ketieteen
opiskelijavalinnat
in
Finnish
PDF
Faculty
of
Medicine
University
of
Helsinki
2011
http
www
med
helsinki
fi
peruskoulutus
docs
opiskelijaksi
hakuopas
2011
pdf
Retrieved
4
June
2011
Oikeustieteellinen
tiedekunta
Hakuopas
2011
in
Finnish
PDF
Faculty
of
Law
University
of
Helsinki
2011
p
3
http
www
helsinki
fi
oikeustiede
opiskelijaksi
valintakokeet
2011
hakuopas
2011
pdf
Retrieved
4
June
2011
Jean
Pierre
Steinhofer
Beur
ou
ordinaire
in
Arm
e
d
Ajourd
hui
1991
Le
Plan
Sarkozy
Le
Monde
Vie
Publique
Susanne
Vieth
Entus
29
Dezember
2008
Sozialquote
Berliner
Gymnasien
sollen
mehr
Sch
ler
aus
armen
Familien
aufnehmen
Der
Tagesspiegel
Martin
Klesmann
23
February
2009
Kinder
aus
Neuk
lln
w
rden
sich
nicht
integrieren
lassen
Ein
Politiker
und
ein
Schulleiter
streiten
ber
Sozialquoten
an
Gymnasien
Berliner
Zeitung
a
b
Heinz
Peter
Meidinger
Berliner
Schullotterie
Profil
07
08
2009
August
24th
2009
Christine
Pru
ky
Zuwanderer
an
die
Unis
Soziologe
Ralf
Dahrendorf
fordert
Migrantenquote
LOV
1997
06
13
45
Lov
om
allmennaksjeselskaper
allmennaksjeloven
Lovdata
no
http
www
lovdata
no
all
tl
19970613
045
032
html
6
3
Retrieved
2010
07
29
27
000
flere
bedrifter
i
Norge
dn
no
http
www
dn
no
forsiden
naringsliv
article246166
ece
Retrieved
2011
08
28
Slovakia
bans
positive
discrimination
Personneltoday
com
Is
there
a
case
for
positive
discrimination
http
www
legislation
gov
uk
ukpga
2010
15
Job
Reservations
Act
South
End
Museum
http
www
southendmuseum
co
za
index
php
option
com
content
amp
view
article
amp
id
19
amp
Itemid
20
Retrieved
2011
03
31
White
Workers
and
the
Colour
Bar
Sahistory
org
za
http
www
sahistory
org
za
pages
library
resources
onlinebooks
Luli
Gold
and
workers
part
203
unit15
htm
1
Retrieved
2011
03
31
a
b
Discrimination
The
Concise
Encyclopedia
of
Economics
Library
of
Economics
a
b
c
d
e
Race
law
and
poverty
in
the
new
South
Africa
The
Economist
Sep
30th
1999
2
dead
link
Employment
Equity
FAQ
BEE
s
Glass
Slipper
BEE
A
man
made
disaster
SAB
deal
to
enrich
black
elite
Fin24
Companies
Fin24
http
www
fin24
com
articles
default
display
article
aspx
ArticleId
1518
24
2564628
Retrieved
2010
07
29
Business
Report
Home
Motlanthe
warns
BEE
council
has
failed
Busrep
co
za
2010
02
09
http
www
busrep
co
za
index
php
fArticleId
5340048
Retrieved
2010
07
29
Manyi
vows
to
get
tough
over
BEE
Mail
amp
Guardian
Online
The
smart
news
source
Mg
co
za
http
www
mg
co
za
article
2009
11
20
manyi
vows
to
get
tough
over
bee
Retrieved
2010
07
29
U
S
Voters
Disagree
3
1
With
Sotomayor
On
Key
Case
Quinnipiac
University
Published
June
3
2009
a
b
c
USA
Today
2005
05
20
http
www
usatoday
com
news
polls
tables
live
0623
htm
http
www
quinnipiac
edu
x1295
xml
ReleaseID
1307
http
www
torontosun
com
news
canada
2010
08
12
14998311
html
Christophe
Jaffrelot
India
s
Silent
Revolution
The
rise
of
lower
castes
in
northern
India
pg
321
2003
a
b
Sher
George
Preferential
Hiring
in
Tom
Regan
ed
Just
Business
New
Introductory
Essays
In
Business
Ethics
Philadelphia
Temple
University
Press
1983
p
40
American
Civil
Rights
Institute
Cultural
Whiplash
Unforeseen
Consequences
of
America
s
Crusade
Against
Racial
Discrimination
Patrick
Garry
2006
ISBN
1
58182
569
2
ISBN
0
300
10199
6
2004
Does
affirmative
action
hurt
minorities
Los
Angeles
Times
September
26
2007
Quotas
on
trial
by
Thomas
Sowell
January
8
2003
Affirmative
Action
Backfires
by
Gail
Heriot
Wall
Street
Journal
August
24
2007
Sander
Richard
2004
A
SYSTEMIC
ANALYSIS
OF
AFFIRMATIVE
ACTION
IN
AMERICAN
LAW
SCHOOLS
Stanford
Law
Review
367
483
http
www2
law
ucla
edu
sander
Systemic
final
SanderFINAL
pdf
Retrieved
13
July
2011
http
www
slate
com
articles
news
and
politics
jurisprudence
2005
04
sanding
down
sander
html
Slate
com
ReferencesAnderson
Terry
H
The
Pursuit
of
Fairness
A
History
of
Affirmative
Action
Oxford
University
Press
2004
ISBN
ISBN
0
19
515764
8Bidmead
Andrew
The
Last
of
England
Legend
Press
2010
ISBN
978
1
907461
33
0The
Next
Twenty
five
Years
Affirmative
Action
in
Higher
Education
in
the
United
States
and
South
Africa
David
L
Featherman
Martin
Hall
and
Marvin
Krislov
editors
Forewords
by
Mary
Sue
Coleman
President
of
the
University
of
Michigan
and
Njabulo
Ndebele
Former
Vice
Chancellor
and
Principal
of
the
University
of
Cape
Town
University
of
Michigan
Press
Ann
Arbor
2009
Golland
David
Hamilton
Constructing
Affirmative
Action
Federal
Contract
Compliance
and
the
Building
Construction
Trades
1956
1973
PhD
dissertation
City
University
of
New
York
2008
Order
No
DA3325474
Susanne
Vieth
Entus
Sozialquote
Berliner
Gymnasien
sollen
mehr
Sch
ler
aus
armen
Familien
aufnehmen
29
December
2008
Der
TagesspiegelMarc
Bossuyt
United
Nations
Sub
Commission
on
the
Promotion
and
Protection
of
Human
Rights
17
June
2002
Commission
on
Human
Rights
Economic
and
Social
CouncilNorma
M
Riccucci
Managing
Diversity
in
Public
Sector
Workforces
Westview
Press
2002
ISBN
0
8133
9838
X
External
linksAffirmative
action
entry
in
the
Stanford
Encyclopedia
of
PhilosophyAffirmative
action
collected
news
and
commentary
at
The
New
York
TimesAffirmative
action
collected
news
and
commentary
at
The
Wall
Street
JournalAffirmative
Action
collected
news
and
commentary
at
The
Washington
PostDoes
the
success
of
Barack
Obama
mean
we
no
longer
need
affirmative
action
NOW
on
PBS
investigatesAn
interview
with
Professor
Randall
Kennedy
about
the
presidency
of
Barack
Obama
and
affirmative
action
Clifford
Armion
for
La
Cl
des
langues
Substantive
Equality
Positive
Action
and
Roma
Rights
in
the
European
Union
Report
by
Minority
Rights
Group
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also
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jambalaya
From
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is
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food
For
the
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see
Jambalaya
On
the
Bayou
For
the
racehorse
see
Jambalaya
horse
Jambalaya
d
mb
la
jum
b
ly
is
a
Louisiana
Creole
dish
of
Spanish
and
French
influence
Jambalaya
with
chicken
sausage
rice
tomatoes
celery
and
spices
Contents1
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varieties2
History3
Etymology3
1
Native
American
claim4
See
also5
References6
External
links
Jambalaya
varietiesJambalaya
is
traditionally
made
in
three
parts
with
meats
and
vegetables
and
is
completed
by
adding
stock
and
rice
It
is
also
a
close
cousin
to
the
saffron
colored
paella
found
in
Spanish
culture
There
are
two
primary
methods
of
making
jambalaya
The
first
and
most
common
is
Creole
jambalaya
also
called
red
jambalaya
First
meat
is
added
to
the
trinity
of
celery
peppers
and
onions
the
meat
is
usually
chicken
and
sausage
such
as
andouille
or
smoked
sausage
Next
vegetables
and
tomatoes
are
added
to
cook
followed
by
seafood
Rice
and
stock
are
added
in
equal
proportions
at
the
very
end
The
mixture
is
brought
to
a
boil
and
left
to
simmer
for
20
to
60
minutes
depending
on
the
recipe
with
infrequent
stirring
Towards
the
end
of
the
cooking
process
stirring
usually
ceases
Some
versions
call
for
the
jambalaya
to
be
baked
after
the
cooking
of
all
the
ingredients
The
second
style
more
characteristic
of
southwestern
and
south
central
Louisiana
is
Cajun
jambalaya
which
contains
no
tomatoes
the
idea
being
the
closer
to
New
Orleans
one
gets
the
more
common
tomatoes
are
in
dishes
The
meat
is
browned
in
a
cast
iron
pot
The
bits
of
meat
that
stick
to
the
bottom
of
the
pot
are
what
give
a
Cajun
jambalaya
its
brown
color
A
little
vegetable
oil
is
added
if
there
is
not
enough
fat
in
the
pot
The
trinity
of
50
onions
25
celery
and
25
green
bell
pepper
although
proportions
can
be
altered
to
suit
one
s
taste
is
added
and
saut
ed
until
soft
Stock
and
seasonings
are
added
in
the
next
step
and
then
the
meats
are
returned
to
the
pot
This
mixture
is
then
simmered
covered
for
at
least
one
hour
Lastly
the
mixture
is
brought
to
a
boil
and
rice
is
added
to
the
pot
It
is
then
covered
and
left
to
simmer
over
very
low
heat
for
at
least
1
2
hour
without
stirring
The
dish
is
finished
when
the
rice
has
cooked
A
third
method
is
less
common
In
this
version
meat
and
vegetables
are
cooked
separately
from
the
rice
At
the
same
time
rice
is
cooked
in
a
savory
stock
It
is
added
to
the
meat
and
vegetables
before
serving
This
is
called
white
jambalaya
This
dish
is
rare
in
Louisiana
as
it
is
seen
as
a
quick
attempt
to
make
jambalaya
popularized
outside
the
state
to
shorten
cooking
time
Jambalaya
is
considered
by
most
Louisianans
to
be
a
filling
but
simple
to
prepare
rice
dish
gumbos
touff
es
and
creoles
are
considered
more
difficult
to
perfect
Most
often
a
long
grain
white
rice
is
used
in
making
jambalaya
Jambalaya
is
differentiated
from
gumbo
and
touff
e
by
the
way
in
which
the
rice
is
included
In
these
dishes
the
rice
is
cooked
separately
and
is
served
as
a
bed
on
which
the
main
dish
is
served
In
the
usual
method
of
preparing
jambalaya
a
rich
stock
is
created
from
vegetables
meat
and
seafood
raw
rice
is
then
added
to
the
broth
and
the
flavor
is
absorbed
by
the
grains
as
the
rice
cooks
HistoryCreole
jambalaya
originates
from
the
French
Quarter
of
New
Orleans
in
the
original
European
sector
It
was
an
attempt
by
the
Spanish
to
make
paella
in
the
New
World
where
saffron
was
not
readily
available
due
to
import
costs
Tomatoes
became
the
substitute
for
saffron
As
time
went
on
French
influence
became
strong
in
New
Orleans
and
spices
from
the
Caribbean
changed
this
New
World
paella
into
a
unique
dish
In
modern
Louisiana
the
dish
has
evolved
along
a
variety
of
different
lines
Creole
jambalaya
or
red
jambalaya
as
it
is
called
by
Cajuns
is
found
primarily
in
and
around
New
Orleans
where
it
is
simply
known
as
jambalaya
Creole
jambalaya
includes
tomatoes
whereas
Cajun
jambalaya
does
not
Cajun
Jambalaya
originates
from
Louisiana
s
rural
low
lying
swamp
country
where
crawfish
shrimp
oysters
alligator
duck
turtle
boar
venison
nutria
1
and
other
game
were
readily
available
Any
variety
or
combination
of
meats
including
chicken
or
turkey
may
be
used
to
make
jambalaya
Cajun
jambalaya
is
known
as
Brown
jambalaya
in
the
New
Orleans
area
to
Cajuns
it
is
simply
known
as
jambalaya
Cajun
jambalaya
has
more
of
a
smoky
and
spicy
flavor
than
its
cousin
Creole
jambalaya
citation
needed
The
white
French
Creoles
introduced
jambalaya
to
the
Cajuns
but
since
tomatoes
were
rarely
used
in
Cajun
cooking
they
omitted
them
browning
the
meat
for
color
instead
The
first
appearance
in
print
of
any
variant
of
the
word
jambalaya
in
any
language
occurred
in
Leis
amours
de
Vanus
vo
Lou
paysan
oou
th
tr
by
Fortun
Fortunat
Chailan
first
published
in
Proven
al
in
1837
The
earliest
appearance
of
the
word
in
print
in
English
occurs
in
the
May
1849
issue
of
the
American
Agriculturalist
page
161
where
Solon
Robinson
refers
to
a
recipe
for
Hopping
Johnny
jambalaya
Jambalaya
did
not
appear
in
a
cookbook
until
1878
citation
needed
when
The
Gulf
City
Cook
Book
by
the
ladies
of
the
St
Francis
Street
Methodist
Church
was
printed
in
South
Mobile
Alabama
It
contains
a
recipe
for
JAM
BOLAYA
Jambalaya
experienced
a
brief
jump
in
popularity
during
the
1920s
and
1930s
because
of
its
flexible
recipe
The
dish
was
little
more
than
the
rice
and
vegetables
the
populace
could
afford
but
the
recipe
grew
from
humble
roots
During
the
third
term
of
President
Franklin
D
Roosevelt
the
dish
caused
a
feud
between
the
president
and
friends
of
the
Presidential
family
the
Richardsons
of
Virginia
because
the
family
sent
a
dish
to
FDR
and
the
man
had
to
refuse
it
citing
that
he
was
allergic
to
crawfish
In
1968
Louisiana
Governor
John
J
McKeithen
proclaimed
Gonzales
Louisiana
the
Jambalaya
Capital
of
the
World
Every
Spring
the
annual
Jambalaya
Festival
is
held
in
Gonzales
EtymologyCreole
Jambalaya
with
shrimp
ham
tomato
and
Andouille
sausage
The
Oxford
English
Dictionary
indicates
that
jambalaya
comes
from
the
Proven
al
word
jambalaia
meaning
a
mish
mash
or
mixup
and
also
meaning
a
pilau
pilaf
of
rice
This
is
supported
by
the
fact
that
the
first
printed
appearance
of
the
word
is
in
a
Proven
al
poem
published
in
1837
There
are
many
myths
about
the
origin
of
the
name
jambalaya
One
commonly
repeated
folklore
is
that
the
word
derives
from
the
combination
of
the
French
jambon
meaning
ham
the
French
article
la
a
contraction
of
la
mani
re
de
meaning
in
the
style
of
and
ya
thought
to
be
of
West
African
origin
meaning
rice
citation
needed
Hence
the
dish
was
named
jamb
la
ya
European
explorers
had
imported
rice
from
Asia
and
Africa
Enslaved
Africans
already
had
a
native
name
for
this
crop
they
called
it
ya
As
Europeans
learned
the
term
ya
for
rice
it
became
included
in
the
name
of
the
dish
However
this
theory
is
largely
discredited
Ham
is
not
the
signature
element
of
the
dish
so
there
is
no
reason
why
it
would
be
featured
in
the
name
Furthermore
there
is
no
known
African
language
in
which
ya
means
rice
citation
needed
Another
popular
source
suggests
that
the
word
comes
from
the
Spanish
jamon
ham
paella
a
noted
Spanish
rice
dish
However
the
evidence
for
this
idea
is
also
thin
Again
ham
is
not
a
featured
element
of
the
dish
and
Spanish
speakers
would
call
a
ham
paella
paella
con
jamon
not
jamon
paella
The
Dictionary
of
American
Food
and
Drink
offers
this
creative
old
wives
tale
about
the
origin
of
the
word
Late
one
evening
a
traveling
gentleman
stopped
by
a
New
Orleans
inn
which
had
little
food
remaining
from
the
evening
meal
The
traveler
instructed
the
cook
Jean
balayez
or
Jean
sweep
something
together
in
the
local
dialect
The
guest
pronounced
the
resulting
hodge
podge
dish
as
Jean
balayez
Native
American
claimThe
Atakapa
tribe
claims
the
origin
of
the
name
The
original
word
Sham
pal
ha
Ya
means
Be
full
not
skinny
Eat
Up
with
a
French
equivalent
of
Bon
appetit
Spanish
influence
resulted
in
the
current
spelling
of
the
name
2
See
alsoLouisianaportalFoodportalSimilar
dishes
Arroz
con
Pollo
Arroz
con
gandules
Latin
America
Biriani
South
Asia
Fried
Rice
East
Asia
Jollof
rice
West
Africa
Kabsa
Saudi
Arabia
Kedgeree
United
Kingdom
Nasi
Goreng
Indonesia
Paella
Spain
Pilaf
Pilau
Greece
Balkans
Turkey
Iran
Central
Asia
South
Asia
Rice
and
peas
Caribbean
Risotto
Italy
References
http
www
nutria
com
site17
php
Atakapa
Indian
origin
Retrieved
2011
11
05Jambalaya
Recipes
External
linksWikibooks
Cookbook
has
a
recipe
module
onJambalayaWikimedia
Commons
has
media
related
to
JambalayaChronology
of
all
early
mentions
of
Jambalaya
in
print
Retrieved
from
http
en
wikipedia
org
w
index
php
title
Jambalaya
amp
oldid
476920031
Categories
Louisiana
cuisineRice
dishesStewsCuisine
of
New
Orleans
LouisianaCuisine
of
the
Southern
United
StatesCajun
cultureHidden
categories
All
articles
with
unsourced
statementsArticles
with
unsourced
statements
from
March
2008Articles
with
unsourced
statements
from
June
2009Articles
with
unsourced
statements
from
April
2010
easter 2012
LEER
mardi gras 2012
LEER
sassafras
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopediaJump
to
navigation
searchThis
article
is
about
the
various
species
of
the
sassafras
tree
of
the
Northern
Hemisphere
for
the
North
American
sassafras
see
Sassafras
albidum
For
other
uses
see
Sassafras
disambiguation
SassafrasSassafras
albidum
Wanaque
New
JerseyScientific
classificationKingdom
PlantaeDivision
AngiospermsClass
MagnoliidsOrder
LauralesFamily
LauraceaeGenus
SassafrasJ
PreslSpeciesS
albidumS
randaienseS
tzumuSynonymsPseudosassafras
Lecomte
disambiguation
needed
Sassafras
is
a
genus
of
three
1
2
extant
and
one
extinct
3
species
of
deciduous
trees
in
the
family
Lauraceae
native
to
eastern
North
America
and
eastern
Asia
2
Contents1
Overview2
Ecology3
Species3
1
Importance
to
livestock
and
wildlife4
Uses4
1
Culinary
uses5
Ethnobotanical
history6
References7
External
links
OverviewSassafras
trees
grow
from
9
1
18
m
30
59
ft
tall
and
spreading
7
6
12
m
25
39
ft
4
The
trunk
grows
70
150
cm
28
59
in
in
diameter
with
many
slender
branches
and
smooth
orange
brown
bark
The
branching
is
sympodial
The
bark
of
the
mature
trunk
is
thick
red
brown
and
deeply
furrowed
The
wood
is
light
hard
and
sometimes
brittle
All
parts
of
the
plants
are
very
fragrant
The
species
are
unusual
in
having
three
distinct
leaf
patterns
on
the
same
plant
unlobed
oval
bilobed
mitten
shaped
and
trilobed
three
pronged
rarely
the
leaves
can
be
five
lobed
5
They
have
smooth
margins
and
grow
7
20cm
long
by
5
10cm
broad
The
young
leaves
and
twigs
are
quite
mucilaginous
and
produce
a
citrus
like
scent
when
crushed
The
tiny
yellow
flowers
are
five
petaled
and
bloom
in
the
spring
they
are
dioecious
with
male
and
female
flowers
on
separate
trees
The
fruit
are
blue
black
egg
shaped
1cm
long
produced
on
long
red
stalked
cups
and
mature
in
late
summer
1
The
largest
sassafras
tree
in
the
United
States
is
located
in
Owensboro
Kentucky
which
measures
over
100
feet
high
and
21
feet
in
circumference
6
7
The
name
sassafras
applied
by
the
botanist
Nicolas
Monardes
in
the
16th
century
is
said
to
be
a
corruption
of
the
Spanish
word
for
saxifrage
EcologyThe
Lauraceae
or
laurel
family
are
aromatic
evergreen
trees
or
shrubs
Many
botanical
species
have
similar
foliage
to
the
Lauraceae
due
to
convergent
evolution
Those
plants
are
adapted
to
high
rainfall
and
humidity
But
the
Sassafras
genus
and
one
or
two
other
genera
in
Lauraceae
are
deciduous
It
is
a
phenomenon
of
divergent
evolution
from
the
large
evergreen
trees
to
occupy
another
ecological
niche
The
patterns
of
speciation
in
the
Lauraceae
family
indicate
that
since
the
onset
of
aridification
on
the
continents
15
million
years
ago
rainforest
species
diversified
One
of
the
products
of
aridification
is
the
isolation
of
populations
and
this
likely
caused
the
increase
in
the
rate
of
speciation
as
found
in
the
Lauraceae
The
Sassafras
genus
responded
to
favourable
climatic
periods
and
expanded
across
the
available
habitat
adapting
also
to
more
extreme
conditions
but
depending
on
favorable
soil
edaphic
conditions
as
presence
of
aquifers
groundwater
periodic
flows
etc
This
genus
occur
as
opportunistic
species
across
a
wide
distribution
with
close
relatives
and
few
species
Deciduous
sassafras
trees
lose
all
of
their
leaves
for
part
of
the
year
depending
on
variations
in
rainfall
In
deciduous
tropical
Lauraceae
leaf
loss
coincides
with
the
dry
season
in
tropical
subtropical
and
arid
regions
In
temperate
or
polar
climates
the
dry
season
is
due
to
the
inability
of
the
plant
to
absorb
water
available
to
it
only
in
the
form
of
ice
In
convergent
evolution
ecological
or
physical
coincidences
drive
toward
a
similar
solution
including
analogous
structures
Sassafras
is
commonly
found
in
open
woods
along
fences
or
in
fields
It
grows
well
in
moist
well
drained
or
sandy
loam
soils
and
tolerates
a
variety
of
soil
types
attaining
a
maximun
in
southern
and
wetter
areas
of
distribution
It
is
a
phenomenon
of
divergent
evolution
from
the
large
evergreen
trees
to
occupy
another
ecological
niche
Its
pattern
of
speciation
is
the
product
of
aridification
of
its
habitat
Sassafras
expanded
in
favourable
climatic
periods
across
the
available
habitat
and
adapted
to
more
extreme
conditions
cooler
and
drier
but
depending
yet
on
favorable
soil
edaphic
conditions
as
presence
of
aquifers
groundwater
periodic
flows
etc
In
Sassafras
the
dispersal
of
seeds
is
due
to
birds
that
swallow
them
so
the
berries
shape
is
attractive
to
birds
The
fruits
are
an
important
food
source
for
birds
SpeciesFossil
Sassafras
hesperia
leafSassafras
albidum
Nuttall
Nees
sassafras
white
sassafras
red
sassafras
or
silky
sassafras
eastern
North
America
from
southernmost
Ontario
Canada
through
the
eastern
United
States
south
to
central
Florida
and
west
to
southern
Iowa
and
East
Texas
Sassafras
hesperia
Berry
Wolfe
amp
Wehr
1987
from
the
Eocene
Klondike
Mountain
Formation
of
Washington
and
British
Columbia
3
Sassafras
tzumu
Hemsl
Hemsl
Chinese
sassafras
or
Tzumu
central
and
southwestern
China
it
differs
from
S
albidum
in
the
leaves
being
more
frequently
three
lobed
8
the
lobes
having
a
tapered
acuminate
apex
not
rounded
to
weakly
acute
Sassafras
randaiense
Hayata
Rehd
Taiwanese
sassafras
Taiwan
is
treated
by
some
botanists
in
a
distinct
genus
as
Yushunia
randaiensis
Hayata
Kamikoti
9
though
this
is
not
supported
by
recent
genetic
evidence
which
shows
Sassafras
to
be
monophyletic
2
Importance
to
livestock
and
wildlifeSassafras
leaves
and
twigs
are
consumed
by
white
tailed
deer
in
both
summer
and
winter
In
some
areas
it
is
an
important
deer
food
10
Sassafras
leaf
browsers
include
groundhogs
marsh
Rabbits
and
American
black
bears
10
Rabbits
eat
sassafras
bark
in
winter
10
American
beavers
will
cut
sassafras
stems
10
Sassafras
fruits
are
eaten
by
many
species
of
birds
including
bobwhite
quail
10
eastern
kingbirds
great
crested
flycatchers
phoebes
wild
turkeys
gray
catbirds
northern
flickers
pileated
woodpeckers
downy
woodpeckers
thrushes
vireos
and
northern
mockingbirds
Some
small
mammals
also
consume
sassafras
fruits
10
For
most
of
the
above
mentioned
animals
sassafras
is
not
consumed
in
large
enough
quantities
to
be
important
Carey
and
Gill
rate
its
value
to
wildlife
as
fair
their
lowest
rating
10
UsesS
albidum
is
a
host
plant
for
the
spicebush
swallowtail
Steam
distillation
of
dried
root
bark
produces
an
essential
oil
consisting
mostly
of
safrole
that
once
was
extensively
used
as
a
fragrance
in
perfumes
and
soaps
food
and
for
aromatherapy
The
yield
of
this
oil
from
American
sassafras
is
quite
low
and
great
effort
is
needed
to
produce
useful
amounts
of
the
root
bark
citation
needed
Sassafras
extract
was
a
primary
ingredient
in
root
beer
Commercial
sassafras
oil
generally
is
a
byproduct
of
camphor
production
in
Asia
or
comes
from
related
trees
in
Brazil
Safrole
is
a
precursor
for
the
clandestine
manufacture
of
the
drug
MDMA
ecstasy
as
well
as
the
drug
MDA
3
4
methylenedioxyamphetamine
and
as
such
its
transport
is
monitored
internationally
Culinary
usesThe
dried
and
ground
leaves
are
used
to
make
fil
powder
an
ingredient
used
in
some
types
of
gumbo
The
roots
of
sassafras
can
be
steeped
to
make
tea
and
were
used
in
the
flavoring
of
traditional
root
beer
until
being
banned
for
mass
production
by
the
FDA
Laboratory
animals
that
were
given
oral
doses
of
sassafras
tea
or
sassafras
oil
that
contained
large
doses
of
safrole
developed
permanent
liver
damage
or
various
types
of
cancer
In
humans
liver
damage
can
take
years
to
develop
and
it
may
not
have
obvious
signs
Along
with
commercially
available
sarsaparilla
sassafras
remains
an
ingredient
in
use
among
hobby
or
microbrew
enthusiasts
In
1960
the
FDA
banned
the
use
of
sassafras
oil
and
safrole
in
commercially
mass
produced
foods
and
drugs
based
on
the
animal
studies
and
human
case
reports
11
Several
years
later
sassafras
tea
was
banned
11
a
ban
that
lasted
until
the
passage
of
the
Dietary
Supplement
Health
and
Education
Act
in
1994
12
Sassafras
root
extracts
which
do
not
contain
safrole
or
in
which
the
safrole
has
been
removed
are
permissible
and
are
still
widely
used
commercially
in
teas
and
root
beers
Sassafras
tea
can
also
be
used
as
an
anticoagulant
Ethnobotanical
historyDuring
the
establishment
of
the
Virginia
Colony
including
Jamestown
in
the
17th
century
sassafras
was
a
major
export
commodity
to
England
A
medicinal
root
and
a
wood
prized
for
its
beauty
and
durability
sassafras
was
popular
from
its
first
import
by
Sir
Walter
Raleigh
in
1602
until
the
18th
century
13
During
a
brief
period
in
the
early
17th
century
sassafras
was
the
second
largest
export
from
America
behind
tobacco
Additionally
throughout
history
sassafras
wood
has
been
found
to
be
an
excellent
fire
starter
because
of
the
flammability
of
its
natural
oils
found
within
the
wood
and
the
leaves
Sassafras
was
prized
in
Europe
as
a
cure
for
gonorrhea
14
and
syphilis
15
References
a
b
Flora
of
North
America
Sassafras
a
b
c
Nie
Z
L
Wen
J
amp
Sun
H
2007
Phylogeny
and
biogeography
of
Sassafras
Lauraceae
disjunct
between
eastern
Asia
and
eastern
North
America
Plant
Systematics
and
Evolution
267
191
203
doi
10
1007
s00606
007
0550
1
a
b
Wolfe
Jack
A
amp
Wehr
Wesley
C
1987
The
sassafras
is
an
ornamental
tree
Middle
Eocene
Dicotyledonous
Plants
from
Republic
Northeastern
Washington
United
States
Geological
Survey
Bulletin
1597
13
Dirr
Manual
of
woody
landscape
plants
Page
938
Noble
Plant
Image
Gallery
Sassafras
includes
photo
of
five
lobed
leaf
Sassafras
albidum
Kentucky
Cooperative
Extension
Service
http
www
uky
edu
Ag
Horticulture
kytreewebsite
pdffiles
SASSAFRAprint
pdf
Whit
Bronaugh
May
June
1994
The
biggest
sassafras
American
Forests
http
findarticles
com
p
articles
mi
m1016
is
n5
6
v100
ai
15473433
Arboretum
Trompenburg
Sassafras
photo
Kamikoti
S
1933
Ann
Rep
Taihoku
Bot
Gard
3
78
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
This
section
incorporates
text
from
a
public
domain
work
of
the
US
government
Sullivan
Janet
1993
Sassafras
albidum
Fire
Effects
Information
System
Online
U
S
Department
of
Agriculture
Forest
Service
Rocky
Mountain
Research
Station
Fire
Sciences
Laboratory
Producer
http
www
fs
fed
us
database
feis
plants
tree
sasalb
all
html
BOTANICAL
20AND
20ECOLOGICAL
20CHARACTERISTICS
a
b
Dietz
B
Bolton
Jl
Apr
2007
Botanical
dietary
supplements
gone
bad
Chemical
research
in
toxicology
20
4
586
90
doi
10
1021
tx7000527
ISSN0893
228X
PMC2504026
PMID17362034
http
www
pubmedcentral
nih
gov
articlerender
fcgi
tool
pmcentrez
amp
artid
2504026
Kwan
D
Hirschkorn
K
Boon
H
Sep
2006
U
S
and
Canadian
pharmacists
attitudes
knowledge
and
professional
practice
behaviors
toward
dietary
supplements
a
systematic
review
Free
full
text
BMC
complementary
and
alternative
medicine
6
31
doi
10
1186
1472
6882
6
31
PMC1586212
PMID16984649
http
www
biomedcentral
com
1472
6882
6
31
Philip
S
McMullan
Jr
A
Role
for
Sassafras
in
the
Search
for
the
Lost
Colony
Lost
Colony
Horwitz
Tony
2008
A
Voyage
Long
and
Strange
Rediscovering
the
New
World
Henry
Holt
and
Co
p
6
ISBN9780805076035
http
books
google
com
id
wiiwru
0EvwC
The
Pre
Columbian
Hypothesis
External
linksWikimedia
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com
Sassafras
Shrub
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GuidePlants
for
a
Future
Plant
Portrait
Sassafras
albidumTVA
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Plants
Sassafras
albidumThe
Jefferson
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Wendy
CortesiFairfax
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searchThis
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is
about
gasoline
and
diesel
usage
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pricing
around
the
world
For
a
chronology
of
oil
prices
during
this
time
see
World
oil
market
chronology
from
2003
For
information
on
the
price
of
oil
see
price
of
petroleum
For
information
on
the
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of
Natural
Gas
see
Natural
gas
prices
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September
2008
Example
from
Germany
2007
1
319
L
US
7
65
galThe
usage
and
pricing
of
gasoline
results
from
factors
such
as
crude
oil
prices
processing
and
distribution
costs
local
demand
the
strength
of
local
currencies
local
taxation
and
the
availability
of
local
sources
of
gasoline
supply
Since
fuels
are
traded
worldwide
the
trade
prices
are
similar
the
price
paid
by
consumers
largely
reflects
national
pricing
policy
some
regions
such
as
Europe
and
Japan
impose
high
taxes
on
gasoline
others
such
as
Saudi
Arabia
and
Venezuela
subsidize
the
cost
1
Western
countries
have
among
the
highest
usage
rates
of
gasoline
per
person
The
largest
consumer
of
gasoline
is
the
United
States
which
used
an
average
of
386
million
US
gallons
1
46
gigalitres
of
gasoline
each
day
in
2005
2
Contents1
Gas
prices2
Gasoline
usage
and
pricing
in
Europe3
Countries
with
subsidised
gasoline3
1
Nigeria3
2
Indonesia3
3
Malaysia3
4
Mexico4
Typical
gasoline
prices
around
the
world5
Protests5
1
India5
2
Brazil6
References7
External
links
Gas
pricesThis
article
is
outdated
Please
update
this
article
to
reflect
recent
events
or
newly
available
information
Please
see
the
talk
page
for
more
information
November
2010
U
S
gasoline
demand
is
projected
to
average
9
12
million
barrels
per
day
1
450
000
m3
d
in
2011
Americans
are
expected
to
travel
8
27
billion
miles
per
day
in
2011
This
equates
to
an
average
of
33
miles
per
vehicle
per
day
The
markup
on
gasoline
in
2010
was
16
3
cents
gallon
or
5
6
percent
and
the
federal
excise
tax
on
gasoline
is
18
4
cents
per
gallon
and
24
4
cents
per
gallon
for
diesel
fuel
In
January
2011
motor
gasoline
taxes
averaged
48
1
cents
per
gallon
and
diesel
fuel
taxes
averaged
53
1
cents
per
gallon
Factoring
in
all
gasoline
sales
in
2009
transactions
whether
the
customer
paid
by
cash
check
or
by
either
debit
or
credit
card
credit
and
debit
card
fees
averaged
4
7
cents
per
gallon
3
Finished
motor
gasoline
amounts
to
44
of
the
total
US
consumption
of
petroleum
products
4
This
corresponds
to
18
5
Exajoules
per
year
According
to
national
figures
from
the
US
Department
of
Energy
in
March
2007
52
of
the
cost
of
gasoline
went
to
pay
for
crude
oil
24
for
refining
15
to
taxes
and
9
for
distribution
and
marketing
These
had
changed
to
72
7
for
crude
oil
10
for
refining
11
to
taxes
and
6
for
distribution
and
marketing
5
In
2008
a
report
by
Cambridge
Energy
Research
Associates
stated
that
2007
had
been
the
year
of
peak
gasoline
usage
in
the
United
States
and
that
record
energy
prices
would
cause
an
enduring
shift
in
energy
consumption
practices
6
According
to
the
report
in
April
gas
consumption
had
been
lower
than
a
year
before
for
the
sixth
straight
month
suggesting
2008
would
be
the
first
year
US
gasoline
usage
declined
in
17
years
The
total
miles
driven
in
the
US
began
declining
in
2006
7
The
average
price
of
gas
in
2011
as
of
September
was
3
56
the
highest
ever
for
a
year
though
Tom
Kloza
of
the
Oil
Price
Information
Service
predicted
Americans
would
also
buy
the
most
gas
ever
490
billion
worth
As
of
September
26
the
average
price
of
gas
was
3
51
with
California
at
3
89
for
the
highest
in
the
U
S
and
Missouri
at
3
21
for
the
lowest
8
Gasoline
usage
and
pricing
in
EuropeGasoline
and
Diesel
nominal
price
development
1994
2008
in
Switzerland
CHF
l
Most
European
countries
have
high
fuel
taxes
The
prices
have
traditionally
been
three
to
four
times
the
price
in
the
United
States
with
prices
during
2000
2005
of
1
50
litre
about
US
2
14
l
or
8
10
gal
while
the
US
had
prices
around
1
50
gal
or
0
40
l
After
a
large
increase
until
the
summer
of
2008
the
end
of
2008
experienced
a
strong
decline
linked
with
a
sharp
economic
downturn
with
the
average
price
of
gas
in
the
U
S
at
1
87
gal
December
2
2008
However
the
price
of
gas
in
Europe
is
still
more
than
double
the
US
price
at
1
45
litre
9
Russia
and
some
neighboring
countries
have
a
much
smaller
tax
with
gasoline
prices
similar
to
the
US
citation
needed
Countries
with
subsidised
gasolineA
number
of
countries
subsidize
the
cost
of
gasoline
and
other
petroleum
products
Subsidies
make
transport
of
people
and
goods
cheaper
but
discourage
fuel
efficiency
In
some
countries
the
soaring
cost
of
crude
oil
since
2003
has
led
to
these
subsidies
being
cut
moving
inflation
from
the
government
debt
to
the
general
populace
sometimes
resulting
in
political
unrest
Fuel
subsidies
are
common
in
oil
rich
countries
Venezuela
which
has
vast
oil
reserves
maintains
a
price
of
Bs
F
0
097
per
litre
around
US
0
02
and
has
done
so
since
1998
10
Other
countries
with
subsidized
fuel
include
Saudi
Arabia
Egypt
Burma
Malaysia
Kuwait
Trinidad
and
Tobago
Brunei
and
Bolivia
On
December
26
2010
the
Bolivian
government
issued
a
decree
removing
subsidies
which
had
fixed
gasoline
and
diesel
prices
for
the
past
seven
years
Arguing
that
illegal
export
contraband
to
neighboring
countries
was
harming
the
economy
Bolivia
eliminated
the
subsidies
and
raised
gas
prices
as
much
as
83
After
widespread
strikes
the
Bolivian
government
canceled
all
planned
price
hikes
11
NigeriaOn
1
January
2012
the
Nigerian
Government
tried
to
cease
the
subsidy
on
petrol
and
deregulate
the
oil
prices
by
announcing
the
new
price
for
petrol
as
USD
0
88
litre
from
the
old
subsidised
price
of
USD
0
406
litre
LAGOS
which
in
areas
distant
from
Lagos
petrol
was
priced
at
USD
1
25
litre
This
led
to
the
longest
general
strike
8
days
riots
Arab
spring
like
protests
and
on
16
1
2012
the
government
capitulated
by
announcing
a
new
price
of
USD
0
60
litre
with
an
envisaged
price
of
USD
2
0
litre
in
distant
areas
The
situation
is
still
fluid
12
IndonesiaIn
March
2005
Indonesia
increased
the
price
of
gasoline
and
diesel
by
29
causing
widespread
protests
The
price
of
gasoline
was
raised
from
Rp
1800
US
0
20
per
litre
to
Rp
2400
US
0
25
per
litre
while
diesel
rose
from
Rp
1650
US
0
18
to
Rp
2100
US
0
23
Prices
were
increased
again
in
October
to
Rp
4500
US
0
48
a
litre
an
87
5
rise
for
gasoline
while
diesel
was
increased
to
Rp
4300
US
0
46
and
kerosene
used
for
cooking
increased
from
Rp
700
US
0
08
to
Rp
2000
US
0
22
per
litre
The
price
increases
came
as
oil
prices
threatened
to
increase
the
government
s
oil
subsidy
to
US
14
billion
per
year
and
caused
further
protests
With
oil
reaching
over
US
145
a
barrel
Indonesia
further
increased
prices
on
May
24
2008
to
Rp
6000
approx
US
0
65
per
litre
and
diesel
to
Rp
5500
approx
US
0
60
per
litre
while
kerosene
was
raised
to
Rp
2500
approx
US
0
28
moves
which
caused
widespread
protests
13
In
addition
it
was
suggested
that
private
car
owners
who
are
wealthy
in
Indonesian
terms
would
eventually
be
excluded
from
subsidies
entirely
with
the
cheap
fuel
limited
to
public
transport
and
motorcycles
People
have
been
encouraged
to
switch
to
LPG
for
cooking
as
Indonesia
is
the
world
s
largest
exporter
whereas
its
oil
industry
is
in
decline
and
it
is
now
a
net
importer
MalaysiaMalaysia
spends
US
14
billion
subsidising
gasoline
diesel
and
gas
each
year
14
Effective
June
5
2008
gasoline
prices
increased
by
40
to
RM2
70
litre
US
3
30
a
gallon
from
RM1
92
litre
US
2
32
a
gallon
Diesel
prices
rose
by
RM1
00
litre
to
RM2
58
US
3
04
per
gallon
a
158
increase
It
was
announced
that
price
increases
were
planned
to
bring
fuel
prices
in
line
with
global
market
cost
suggesting
that
it
may
hit
US
3
80
per
gallon
by
August
The
Malaysian
government
has
also
announced
a
yearly
cash
rebate
of
RM625
per
year
to
Malaysian
citizens
who
own
cars
with
an
engine
capacity
of
3
000
cc
or
less
and
RM200
tax
rebate
to
cars
with
an
engine
capacity
of
3
000
cc
and
above
to
offset
the
increased
costs
15
The
government
introduced
a
temporary
ban
on
buying
fuel
within
50km
of
the
country
border
but
the
ban
was
suspended
following
a
price
increase
on
June
7
2008
for
petrol
of
41
to
MYR2
70
a
litre
and
for
diesel
of
63
to
MYR2
58
16
On
22
June
2008
the
Malaysian
government
announced
plans
to
set
up
separate
pumps
at
its
border
petrol
stations
to
sell
fuel
to
foreigners
at
market
rates
so
that
only
locals
can
benefit
from
subsidised
petrol
The
new
pumps
will
target
Singaporeans
and
Thais
who
make
day
trips
across
the
border
to
fill
their
tanks
with
cheaper
fuel
there
although
Singapore
registered
cars
must
have
their
tanks
at
least
full
before
they
will
be
permitted
to
leave
Singapore
in
any
case
Petrol
stations
within
50km
31mi
of
the
country
s
northern
border
with
Thailand
and
southern
border
with
Singapore
would
be
affected
17
Recently
the
fuel
price
has
dropped
until
MYR
2
45
and
it
has
dropped
for
the
second
time
A
further
reduction
was
made
on
November
1
2008
RON97
petrol
was
reduced
from
RM2
30
a
litre
to
RM2
15
a
litre
RON92
petrol
from
RM2
20
a
litre
to
RM2
05
a
litre
and
diesel
from
RM2
20
a
litre
to
RM2
05
a
litre
The
Government
revealed
that
it
had
ceased
subsidizing
petrol
as
of
1
November
2008
when
the
price
of
oil
dipped
below
US
65
per
barrel
However
subsidies
were
still
being
paid
for
diesel
and
natural
gas
18
On
18
November
2008
the
Malaysian
government
made
further
reductions
in
the
price
of
gasoline
cut
pump
prices
by
seven
per
cent
to
RM2
00
ringgit
per
litre
and
diesel
by
15
sen
to
RM1
90
per
litre
The
government
said
that
at
current
prices
they
were
making
about
30
sen
per
litre
in
sales
Then
again
on
December
3
petrol
prices
were
reduce
further
Gasoline
prices
were
reduced
10
sen
to
RM
1
90
per
litre
and
as
for
diesel
they
were
reduced
10
sen
to
RM
1
80
per
litre
19
On
16
December
2008
the
price
of
RON97
petrol
is
was
reduced
further
to
RM1
80
while
RON92
is
selling
at
RM1
70
a
litre
The
pump
price
of
diesel
was
reduced
to
RM1
70
a
litre
20
From
1
September
2009
however
the
price
for
RON97
increased
to
RM2
05
while
RON92
has
been
discontinued
and
replaced
with
RON95
at
a
price
of
RM1
80
21
On
16
July
2010
petrol
prices
across
the
board
was
raised
by
5
sen
which
brought
the
prices
of
RON95
RON97
and
diesel
to
RM1
85
RM2
10
and
RM1
75
per
litre
respectively
Since
then
RON97
floats
with
government
controlled
revision
reflecting
the
global
crude
oil
prices
As
of
1
August
2010
only
Malaysian
registered
petrol
vehicles
may
purchase
RON95
fuel
foreign
registered
vehicles
mainly
from
Singapore
and
Thailand
by
law
can
only
purchase
RON97
or
diesel
at
Malaysian
service
stations
On
1
April
2011
RON97
increased
from
RM2
50
to
RM2
70
In
May
2011
RON97
further
increased
to
RM2
90
another
record
high
for
RON97
in
Malaysia
A
drop
of
RM0
10
in
June
2011
brings
it
to
RM2
80
per
litre
the
first
price
reduction
since
RON97
was
floated
at
market
rates
MexicoMexican
president
Felipe
Calder
n
has
been
subsidizing
gasoline
This
serves
to
quell
inflationary
pressures
in
Mexico
Mexico
buys
much
of
its
gasoline
and
diesel
from
the
United
States
and
resells
it
at
US
98
per
barrel
Many
residents
of
US
border
communities
cross
the
border
to
buy
fuel
in
Mexico
22
thereby
enjoying
a
fuel
subsidy
at
the
expense
of
Mexican
taxpayers
This
has
caused
supply
shortages
for
Mexican
drivers
especially
truck
and
bus
drivers
who
use
diesel
23
Typical
gasoline
prices
around
the
worldSee
fuel
tax
for
tax
information
by
country
The
German
Technical
Cooperation
GTZ
has
published
a
list
of
worldwide
gasoline
prices
by
country
every
year
since
1991
The
results
for
2008
can
be
seen
in
this
document
Two
week
updates
for
European
countries
can
be
consulted
at
the
website
of
the
Touring
Club
Switzerland
Country
TerritoryUS
L
95
RON
US
US
gallon
95
RON
Local
unitsDate
of
priceSourcesAlbania1
656
25ALL165
L
1
18
RON
95
ALL160
L
1
14
Diesel
2011
08
13Algeria0
411
5530DA
L
95
octane
rare
down
south
regular
23DA
Ldiesel
DA14
L
or
US
0
2
2010
11
7
2
Anguilla1
455
49EC
17
79
Imperial
gallon
regular
2011
05
19
3
Antigua
and
Barbuda0
843
18EC
9
95
Imperial
gallon
regular
EC
10
95
Imperial
gallon
diesel
2009
02
12
4
Andorra1
646
21
1
142
L
95
1
192
L
98
1
032
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
5
Argentina0
923
48ARS
3
25
L
95
ARS
3
55
L
98
ARS
3
05
L
diesel
2010
01
13
6
Aruba1
104
16Fl
1
93
L2009
12
12
7
Australia1
505
68AU
1
436
L2011
04
08
8
Austria
Wien
1
957
38
1
352
L
95
1
503
L
98
1
352
L
diesel
0
991
Kg
CNG
Methane
2011
04
06tcs
ch
9
Azerbaijan0
752
84AZN
0
55
L
AI
92
AZN
0
60
L
AI
95
AZN
0
45
L
L
62
Diesel
2010
11
14
10
Bahamas1
244
69US
4
70
US
gallon
reg
2011
03
13
11
Bahrain
Manama
0
210
79BHD
0
100
L
95
Octane
BHD
0
080
L
90
Octane
2011
09
13
12
Barbados1
596
02Bd
3
17
L
reg
Bd
2
79
L
diesel
2011
04
03
13
Belarus1
074
1Br3240
L
95
Br2580
L
Diesel
2010
05
12
14
Belgium2
348
86
1
657
L
Eurosuper
95
1
692
L
Super
Plus
98
1
45
L
Diesel
0
66
L
LPG
2011
09
08
15
Belize1
405
30BZ
10
18
US
gallon
regular
BZ
10
59
US
gallon
premium
BZ
10
24
US
gallon
diesel
2011
12
21
16
Bermuda1
806
81BMD1
80
L
Super
BMD1
60
L
Diesel
2010
07
30
17
Bolivia0
542
04B3
74
L
super
B3
72
L
diesel
2010
12
30
18
Bonaire1
345
07USD
1
34
L
super
USD
0
914
L
diesel
2011
04
05
19
Bosnia
and
Herzegovina1
666
28KM2
25
L
95
KM2
30
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
20
Brazil1
535
79R
2
54
L2010
12
21
21
British
Virgin
Islands1
325
00US
4
99
US
gallon
reg
2011
05
03
22
Brunei0
391
48BR
0
53
L2008
06
05Brunei
Press
Sdn
Bhd
23
Bulgaria1
706
44BGN
2
37
L
95
BGN
2
55
L
98
BGN
2
51
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
24
Burma1
064
01
24
K3100
Imperial
gallon
regular
K3300
Imperial
gallon
diesel
2008
11
21
25
Cambodia0
632
38KhR2800
L2010
06
16Canada1
304
92C
1
22
L2010
06
30
26
Cape
Verde1
405
30Esc103
7
L
gasoline
Esc83
4
L
diesel
2009
03
23
27
Cayman
Islands1
033
90KYD3
79
Imperial
gallon
regular
KYD3
75
Imperial
gallon
diesel
2009
09
11
28
Chile1
365
15CLP
592
L2010
12
23
29
China0
9463
58RMB
6
46
L2010
04
24
30
Colombia1
094
13COL
8000
US
gallon
81
Octanos
COL
9595
US
gallon
87
Octanos
2010
11
30
31
Costa
Rica1
074
05
601
L
super
506
L
diesel
2009
10
01
32
Croatia1
877
08HRK
9
59
L
95
HRK
10
03
L
98
HRK
9
28
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
33
Cuba1
244
69CUC1
15
L
95
CUC1
30
L
98
CUC1
10
L
diesel
2011
03
02http
www
havanatimes
org
p
38808
Curacao1
134
28ANG
2
0175
L
95
RON
ANG
1
466
L
Diesel
2011
04
05
34
Cyprus1
6806
36
1
282
L
95
RON
1
333
L
98
1
327
L
Diesel
2012
02
16
35
Czech
Rep1
857
00CZK
35
50
L
95
CHZ
35
40
L
98
CZK
35
00
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
36
Denmark2
368
93DKK
12
32
L
1
65
95
DKK
11
13
L
1
49
diesel
2011
03
10OK
37
Dominica1
084
09EC
13
19
Imperial
gallon
regular
EC
13
12
Imperial
gallon
diesel
2011
03
29
38
Dominican
Republic1
626
13RD
234
5
US
gallon
regular
RD
202
2
US
gallon
diesel
2011
07
23
39
Ecuador0
441
67US
1
68
US
gallon
super
2011
11
15
40
Egypt
Cairo
0
311
17LE1
3
L
lt
90
octaneLE1
75
L
92
octaneLE1
1
L
diesel
solar
2010
11
07
41
El
Salvador0
853
22US
3
21
US
gallon
regular
US
2
97
US
gallon
diesel
2009
12
21
42
Eritrea2
138
06N32
L
petrol
N12
6
L
diesel
2009
06
01
43
Estonia1
806
81
1
252
L
95
RON
1
292
98
RON
1
307
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
44
European
Union1
857
00
1
451
L
95
RON
1
416
L
diesel
0
984
Kg
CNG
Methane
2011
08
13
45
46
Finland2
338
82
1
601
L
98E
RON
1
364
L
Diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
47
France2
288
63
1
585
L
95
1
468
L
diesel
1
226
Kg
CNG
Methane
2011
04
06tcs
ch
48
Germany2
178
21
1
55
L
Super
E10
95
RON
1
58
Super
E5
95
RON
1
61
L
Super
Plus
E5
98
RON
1
41
L
Diesel
1
027
Kg
CNG
Methane
2011
09
07
49
Greece2
338
82
1
593
L
Unleaded
1
391
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
50
Grenada1
234
66EC
15
12
Imperial
gallon
regular
EC
15
43
Imperial
gallon
diesel
2011
04
15
51
Guadeloupe1
365
15
1
07
L
95
2009
02
03
52
Guatemala0
642
42Q19
99
US
gallon
regular
Q16
79
US
gallon
diesel
2009
04
14
53
Guyana1
084
09G
215
6
L
regular
G
203
5
L
diesel
2012
01
17
54
Haiti0
893
37G134
US
gallon
95
G109
US
gallon
diesel
2009
01
01
55
Honduras0
873
29L62
15
US
gallon
regular
L54
78
US
gallon
diesel
2009
09
06
56
Hong
Kong2
188
25HK
17
85
L
Super
Unleaded
RON98
HK
16
91
L
Unleaded
RON95
HK
12
04
L
Diesel
2012
02
10Shell
Hong
Kong
57
Hungary2
148
10HUF
415
L
95
HUF
440
L
diesel
HUF
350
L
E85
HUF
221
L
LPG
2012
01
14Holtankoljak
58
Iceland1
857
00ISK
216
L
1
37
95
ISK
219
L
1
39
diesel
2011
02
15
59
India1
585
98
73
09
L
Petrol
42
06
L
diesel
400
14
5Kg
Domestic
LPG
2011
05
14Indonesia0
592
23Rp
4500
L
RON
88
Rp
8700
L
RON
92
Rp
4500
L
Diesel
2011
03
17PT
Pertamina
Persero
60
Iran0
6552
487000
Rials
L2010
12
19The
Petroenergy
Information
Network
Of
Iran
61
Iraq0
381
44ID
450
L
95
Octane
ID
000
L
98
Octane
ID
400
L
Diesel
2010
12
30
62
lt
Ireland2
158
14
1
490
L
Unleaded
95
1
450
L
Diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
63
Israel2
28
33NIS
7
49
L
95
NIS
7
8
L
diesel
2011
05
1Italy2
368
93
1
725
L
Eurosuper
1
830
L
98
RON
1
6771
L
Diesel
1
764
L
Special
Diesel
0
742
L
LPG
autogas
0
944
Kg
CNG
Methane
National
average
does
not
include
self
service
discounts
2012
1
19
64
Italy
Livigno
tax
free
1
535
79
1
084
L
95
Octane
0
963
L
Diesel
2011
10
31
65
Jamaica1
164
39J
99
31
L
90
J
102
75
L
diesel
2012
01
11http
www
jamaicaobserver
com
news
Gas
prices
rise
again2012
01
11T12
39
51
Japan1
917
23
152
7
L2011
04
25The
Oil
Information
Center
Japan
66
Jordan0
993
75D0
70
L
Unleaded
95
D0
51
L
Diesel
2011
04
25Kazakhstan0
983
71KZT145
L
unleaded
95
KZT106
L
unleaded
92
2011
11
02Kenya1
164
4Sh94
L
Super
Sh87
L
Diesel
2010
12
19
67
Kuwait0
2240
85KWD
0
060
L
91
KWD
0
065
L
95
KWD
0
090
L
98
2010
06
30KNPC
fixed
prices
68
Latvia1
806
81LVL
0
887
L
95
LVL
0
902
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
69
Liberia1
074
05L
280
US
gallon2009
09
11Libya0
170
64LD
0
2
L
95
LD
0
15
L
diesel
Oct
2010
LD135
fuel
tax
at
border
for
foreign
vehicles2010
11
07
70
Lithuania1
927
27LTL
4
60
L
95
LTL
4
74
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
71
Luxembourg1
836
93EuroSuper
95
1
271
LSuperPlus
98
1
293
LDiesel
1
212
L2011
12
02tcs
ch
72
Macedonia1
716
47MKD
78
5
L
1
28
RON
98
MKD
77
L
1
25
RON
95
MKD
65
5
L
1
07
Diesel
2011
09
02tcs
ch
73
Malaysia0
612
31MYR
2
80
L
RON97
MYR
1
90
L
RON95
MYR
3
20
L
VPR
MYR
1
75
L
Diesel
2011
06
16
74
75
Malta1
616
1
1
43
L
Super
1
33
L
Diesel
2011
08
07
76
Martinique1
365
15
1
07
L
95
2009
02
03
77
Mauritania0
943
6UM265
L
petrolUM225
L
dieselPrices
10
20
more
up
north2010
11
7
78
Mexico
Mexico
City
0
7652
90MX
9
08
L2011
06
13Pemex
79
Moldova1
325
00MDL
15
78
L
95
MDL
15
07
L
diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
80
Monaco1
877
08
1
30
L
95
1
39
L
98
1
11
L
diesel
2009
12
26
81
Montenegro1
937
31
1
340
L
95
1
300
L
Diesel
2011
04
06tcs
ch
82
Montserrat1
405
30EC
17
19
Imperial
gallon
regular
2011
05
04
83
Morocco1
194
5MAD
10
65
L
0
97
95
MAD
7
65
L
0
69
Diesel
2010
04
18Mozambique0
772
91MTn
23
1
L
regular
MTn
22
45
L
diesel
2009
11
17
84
Netherlands2
409
08
1
724
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1
385
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1
789
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2011
09
07
85
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Zealand1
686
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2
069
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91
octane
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2
149
L
95
octane
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1
519
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diesel
2011
11
16
86
87
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963
63C
19
98
L
premium
C
17
26
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diesel
2009
08
24
88
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0
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01
01
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111
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12
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479
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2011
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311
170
12
Rials
L2010
08
01
95
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92
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88
95
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Unleaded
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112
65
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Octane
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94
15
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Diesel
2011
04
03Pakistan
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Oil
93
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Bank
2
047
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6
95
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diesel
2011
10
01Panama0
833
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3
35
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gallon
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2
99
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2009
06
04
94
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0
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60PEN
S
10
33
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gallon
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8
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2009
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26PSO
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95
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09
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816
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5
59
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5
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2012
02
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ch
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168
18
1
617
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1
730
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1
421
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2011
07
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com
98
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1
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46
1
370
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2011
04
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2
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91
1
454
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2011
04
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963
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0
957
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95
0
987
L
98
0
997
L
Diesel
2011
04
08http
blogs
wwlp
com
2011
04
08
puerto
rico
gas
prices
no
reason
for
outrage
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0
220
83QAR
1
00
L
97
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0
85
L
90
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2011
01
22
101
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1
656
25RON
5
47
L
95
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5
81
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diesel
2011
04
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102
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89
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2011
02
24Russia
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3
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2011
07
15
103
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45
L
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0
60
L
95
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2011
09
13
104
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997
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9
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1
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9
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2011
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27Sierra
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05
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2011
06
21Singapore
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105
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1
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1
429
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0
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2012
01
23AAIreland
ie
106
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1
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495
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93
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06
04Shell
108
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455
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1
916
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06
19
109
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927
27
1
33
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95
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1
29
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2011
04
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0
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2011
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53LKR
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149
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90
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115
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2011
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31
26
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2011
05
04
112
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003
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2
66
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diesel
2009
11
25
113
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2011
05
19
114
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87SR
5
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08
15
115
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348
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2011
04
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ch
116
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1
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Plus
98
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1
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2011
04
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ch
117
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1
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1
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2011
04
14Service
station
118
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2012
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03Taiwan0
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30
1
L
92
unleaded
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30
8
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95
unleaded
NT
32
3
L
98
unleaded
2010
12
06
119
Togo1
224
62CFA567
L
regular
CFA599
L
diesel
2011
06
06
120
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766
66
55
39
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95
51
69
L
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91
32
19
L
Diesel
2011
08
31Shell
Thailand
121
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and
Tobago0
642
42TT
2
70
L
92
TT
4
L
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TT
1
50
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diesel
2011
12
01
122
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993
75TND
1
27
L
0
67
95
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TND
0
91
L
0
48
Diesel
2009
09
24
123
Turks
and
Caicos1
465
53US
5
529
US
gallon
super
US
5
469
US
gallon
diesel
2011
04
21
124
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509
46TL
4
22
L
95
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TL
3
85
L
Diesel
2011
12
09
125
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190
72TMM
2700
L2011
09
13
126
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4981
89AED
1
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L
95
Octane
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1
83
L
98
Octane
AED
2
60
L
Diesel
2011
12
31
127
128
Ukraine1
244
69UAH
9
90
L
95
Octane
UAH
9
50
L
diesel
2011
04
19tcs
ch
129
United
Kingdom2
138
06
1
33
L
1
48
Unleaded
1
41
L
1
57
Super
1
37
L
1
52
Diesel
2011
07
06Petrolprices
com
130
United
States0
893
37
3
38
US
gallon
3
82
US
gallon
diesel
2012
01
09
131
Uruguay
Montevideo
1
525
75U
29
7
L2009
12
26
132
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074
05UZ
SUM
1755
L
95
2011
01
01
133
Venezuela0
0230
09BsF
0
097
L
95
BsF
0
070
L
91
BsF
0
048
L
diesel
2010
12
12
134
fixed
prices
at
non
essential
exch
rate
Vietnam1
033
90VND
21
800
L
RON
95
VND
21
300
L
RON
92
VND
21
100
L
Diesel
2011
03
29Petrolimex
135
Vietnam
Phu
Quoc
TS
1
184
47
2
544
251
VND
24
998
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95
2
331
470
VND
22
908
RON
91
1
955
766
VND
19
216
Diesel
Yemen0
732
76150
Rials
L
diesel
2009
09
09
136
Zambia1
616
09ZK7639
L
Gasoline
2010
09
24
137
Protests
IndiaAt
present
petrol
price
hiked
again
by
1
82
rupees
and
now
price
varies
from
69
77
rupees
in
various
parts
of
India
04
November
2011
Protests
against
a
hike
in
fuel
prices
shut
down
markets
schools
airports
and
businesses
across
India
on
5
November
2011
and
thousands
of
people
were
arrested
as
violence
flared
in
some
cities
28
BrazilThe
gas
price
reached
3
reais
and
over
and
some
states
from
April
to
May
people
made
a
creative
kind
of
protest
they
put
only
0
50
cent
of
reais
and
asked
for
a
quality
test
and
fiscal
note
The
gas
prices
rose
since
2000s
from
about
1
90
R
in
2000s
to
2
70
in
2011
References
Deutsche
Gesellschaft
f
r
Technische
Zusammenarbeit
International
Fuel
Prices
2009
PDF
http
www
gtz
de
de
dokumente
gtz2009
en
ifp
full
version
pdf
Rong
Gong
Lin
II
and
James
F
Peltz
Don
Lee
2005
03
28
Drivers
Keep
On
Pumping
Paying
Los
Angeles
Times
http
articles
latimes
com
2005
mar
28
business
fi
demand28
Retrieved
2008
09
18
Fueling
America
A
Snapshot
of
Key
Facts
and
Figures
US
Energy
Information
Administration
US
Product
Supplied
for
Crude
Oil
and
Petroleum
Products
http
tonto
eia
doe
gov
dnav
pet
pet
cons
psup
dc
nus
mbblpd
a
htm
Retrieved
2007
05
25
Energy
Information
Administration
Gasoline
and
Diesel
Fuel
Update
http
tonto
eia
doe
gov
oog
info
gdu
gasdiesel
asp
Ana
Campoy
June
20
2008
Prices
Curtail
U
S
Gasoline
Use
Wall
Street
Journal
p
A4
http
online
wsj
com
article
SB121392646391690835
html
mod
googlenews
wsj
Clifford
Krauss
June
19
2008
Driving
Less
Americans
Finally
React
to
Sting
of
Gas
Prices
a
Study
Says
New
York
Times
http
www
nytimes
com
2008
06
19
business
19gas
html
ref
business
Jonathan
Fahey
September
26
2011
Gas
prices
dip
The
Sun
News
Associated
Press
http
www
thesunnews
com
2011
09
25
2410057
gas
prices
dip
html
storylink
omni
popular
European
Prices
in
Chart
Venezuela
Land
of
12
Cent
Gas
GTZ
Fuel
Price
Reform
in
Bolivia
BBC
Nigeria
fury
as
fuel
prices
double
after
subsidy
ends
leading
to
protest
and
riots
in
certain
parts
of
the
country
AFP
Indonesian
police
protesters
clash
over
fuel
price
hike
reports
AP
2008
06
03
Malaysia
to
lift
fuel
price
controls
Associated
Press
For
Petrol
price
old
price
rm
1
92
litre
US
0
59
litre
or
US
2
22
Gallon
increase
to
new
price
rm
270
00
litre
US
0
83
litre
US
3
12
Gallon
base
on
US
1
RM
3
27
For
Diesel
price
old
price
RM
1
58
litre
US
0
48
litre
or
US
1
83
Gallon
increase
to
new
price
RM
2
58
litre
US
0
79
litre
US
2
98
Gallon
base
on
US
1
RM
3
27
http
www
breitbart
com
article
php
id
D912DPA81
amp
show
article
1
Retrieved
2008
07
20
AP
2008
06
04
Malaysia
considers
cash
handouts
as
fuel
hike
looms
Associated
Press
http
money
cnn
com
2008
06
04
news
international
gas
subsidies
ap
index
htm
Retrieved
2008
06
04
Reuters
2008
06
05
Malaysia
lifts
ban
on
fuel
sales
to
foreigners
Reuters
UK
http
uk
reuters
com
article
oilRpt
idUKKLR46220080605
Retrieved
2008
06
05
Channel
Newsasia
2008
06
22
Malaysia
to
set
up
separate
border
petrol
pumps
for
foreigners
Channel
Newsasia
Malaysian
Insider
2008
11
18
Malaysians
are
now
paying
petrol
tax
Malaysian
Insider
http
www
themalaysianinsider
com
index
php
malaysia
12622
malaysians
are
now
paying
petrol
tax
Retrieved
2008
11
18
The
Straits
Times
2008
11
19
M
sia
to
dump
petrol
subsidy
http
www
straitstimes
com
Breaking
2BNews
SE
2BAsia
Story
STIStory
303779
html
Retrieved
2008
11
19
Petrol
and
diesel
down
10
sen
2008
12
16
http
thestar
com
my
news
story
asp
file
2008
12
16
nation
2815077
amp
sec
nation
Retrieved
2008
12
16
RON95
price
up
5
sen
to
RM1
80
2009
09
01
http
thestar
com
my
news
story
asp
file
2009
9
1
nation
4625659
amp
sec
nation
Retrieved
2009
09
01
http
www
signonsandiego
com
news
mexico
tijuana
20081127
9999
1b27gas
html
Wall
Street
Journal
Fill
er
Up
Gas
Is
Cheap
in
Tijuana
So
Californians
Buy
Big
Fuel
Tanks
By
JOEL
MILLMAN
and
ANA
CAMPOY
June
24
2008
Page
A1
0
001149
on
unofficial
exchange
rate
1
Sri
Lanka
sharply
raises
fuel
prices
AFP
May
24
2008
http
afp
google
com
article
ALeqM5hrFenYtcsPzr2uHEfPQb9W2s4z8A
Retrieved
2008
06
08
Sri
Lanka
increases
fuel
prices
with
immediate
effect
Colombo
Page
May
25
2008
http
www
colombopage
com
archive
08
May2513408SL
html
Retrieved
2008
06
08
Timmons
Heather
Kumar
Hari
2010
07
05
Protests
Over
Fuel
Costs
Idle
Much
of
India
The
New
York
Times
http
www
nytimes
com
2010
07
06
business
global
06rupee
html
r
1
amp
ref
global
home
External
linksGlobal
Fuel
Price
Comparison
UK
petrol
prices
compared
to
other
countries
showing
contributing
factors
Who
is
in
the
Oil
Futures
Market
and
How
Has
It
Changed
by
Rice
University
s
Baker
Institute
For
Public
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about
gas
prices
at
FuelEconomy
gov
by
the
U
S
Dept
of
EnergyFactors
affecting
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U
S
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138
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George
washington
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searchThis
article
is
about
the
first
President
of
the
United
States
For
other
uses
see
George
Washington
disambiguation
George
Washington1st
President
of
the
United
StatesIn
officeApril
30
1789
March
4
1797Vice
PresidentJohn
AdamsPreceded
byPosition
establishedSucceeded
byJohn
AdamsSenior
Officer
of
the
ArmyIn
officeJuly
13
1798
December
14
1799Appointed
byJohn
AdamsPreceded
byJames
WilkinsonSucceeded
byAlexander
HamiltonCommander
in
Chiefof
the
Continental
ArmyIn
officeJune
15
1775
December
23
1783Appointed
byContinental
CongressPreceded
byPosition
establishedSucceeded
bySenior
Officer
of
the
ArmyDelegate
to
theSecond
Continental
Congressfrom
VirginiaIn
officeMay
10
1775
June
15
1775Preceded
byPosition
establishedSucceeded
byThomas
JeffersonDelegate
to
theFirst
Continental
Congressfrom
VirginiaIn
officeSeptember
5
1774
October
26
1774Preceded
byPosition
establishedSucceeded
byPosition
abolishedPersonal
detailsBornFebruary
22
1732
1732
02
22
Westmoreland
Virginia
ColonyDiedDecember
14
1799
1799
12
14
aged67
Mount
Vernon
Virginia
U
S
Political
partyIndependentSpouse
s
Martha
Dandridge
CustisProfessionPlanterOfficerReligionDeism
nominally
Church
of
England
Episcopal
1
SignatureMilitary
serviceAllegiance
Great
Britain
United
StatesService
branchVirginia
provincial
militiaContinental
ArmyUnited
States
ArmyYears
of
serviceMilitia
1752
1758Continental
Army
1775
1783Army
1798
1799Rank
Lieutenant
general
General
of
the
Armies
posthumous
1976
CommandsVirginia
Colony
s
regimentContinental
ArmyUnited
States
ArmyBattles
warsFrench
and
Indian
War
Battle
of
Jumonville
Glen
Battle
of
Fort
Necessity
Braddock
Expedition
Battle
of
the
Monongahela
Forbes
ExpeditionAmerican
Revolutionary
War
Boston
campaign
New
York
and
New
Jersey
campaign
Philadelphia
campaign
Yorktown
campaignAwardsCongressional
Gold
MedalThanks
of
Congress
March
4
is
the
official
start
of
the
first
presidential
term
April
6
is
when
Congress
counted
the
votes
of
the
Electoral
College
and
certified
a
president
April
30
is
when
Washington
was
sworn
in
George
Washington
February
22
1732
O
S
February
11
1731
1731
in
Annunciation
Style
of
enumerating
years
December
14
1799
was
the
first
President
of
the
United
States
of
America
serving
from
1789
to
1797
and
dominant
military
and
political
leader
of
the
United
States
from
1775
to
1799
He
led
the
American
victory
over
Great
Britain
in
the
American
Revolutionary
War
as
commander
in
chief
of
the
Continental
Army
from
1775
to
1783
and
presided
over
the
writing
of
the
Constitution
in
1787
Washington
became
the
first
president
by
unanimous
choice
and
oversaw
the
creation
of
a
strong
well
financed
national
government
that
maintained
neutrality
in
the
wars
raging
in
Europe
suppressed
rebellion
and
won
acceptance
among
Americans
of
all
types
His
leadership
style
established
many
forms
and
rituals
of
government
that
have
been
used
since
such
as
using
a
cabinet
system
and
delivering
an
inaugural
address
Washington
is
universally
regarded
as
the
Father
of
his
country
Washington
was
born
into
the
provincial
gentry
of
a
wealthy
well
connected
Colonial
Virginia
family
who
owned
tobacco
plantations
and
slaves
After
both
his
father
and
older
brother
died
young
Washington
became
personally
and
professionally
attached
to
the
powerful
William
Fairfax
who
promoted
his
career
as
a
surveyor
and
soldier
Washington
quickly
became
a
senior
officer
in
the
colonial
forces
during
the
first
stages
of
the
French
and
Indian
War
Chosen
by
the
Second
Continental
Congress
in
1775
to
be
commander
in
chief
of
the
Continental
Army
in
the
American
Revolution
Washington
managed
to
force
the
British
out
of
Boston
in
1776
but
was
defeated
and
almost
captured
later
that
year
when
he
lost
New
York
City
After
crossing
the
Delaware
River
in
the
dead
of
winter
he
defeated
the
British
in
two
battles
retook
New
Jersey
and
restored
momentum
to
the
Patriot
cause
Because
of
his
strategy
Revolutionary
forces
captured
two
major
British
armies
at
Saratoga
in
1777
and
Yorktown
in
1781
Historians
laud
Washington
for
his
selection
and
supervision
of
his
generals
encouragement
of
morale
and
ability
to
hold
together
the
army
coordination
with
the
state
governors
and
state
militia
units
relations
with
Congress
and
attention
to
supplies
logistics
and
training
In
battle
however
Washington
was
repeatedly
outmaneuvered
by
British
generals
with
larger
armies
After
victory
had
been
finalized
in
1783
Washington
resigned
rather
than
seize
power
proving
his
opposition
to
dictatorship
and
his
commitment
to
American
republicanism
He
retired
from
the
presidency
in
1797
and
returned
to
his
home
Mount
Vernon
and
his
domestic
life
where
he
managed
a
variety
of
enterprises
He
freed
all
his
slaves
by
his
final
1799
will
Dissatisfied
with
the
weaknesses
of
Articles
of
Confederation
in
1787
Washington
presided
over
the
Constitutional
Convention
that
drafted
the
United
States
Constitution
Elected
as
the
first
President
of
the
United
States
in
1789
he
attempted
to
bring
rival
factions
together
to
unify
the
nation
He
supported
Alexander
Hamilton
s
programs
to
pay
off
all
state
and
national
debt
to
implement
an
effective
tax
system
and
to
create
a
national
bank
despite
opposition
from
Thomas
Jefferson
Washington
proclaimed
the
U
S
neutral
in
the
wars
raging
in
Europe
after
1793
He
avoided
war
with
Great
Britain
and
guaranteed
a
decade
of
peace
and
profitable
trade
by
securing
the
Jay
Treaty
in
1795
despite
intense
opposition
from
the
Jeffersonians
Although
never
officially
joining
the
Federalist
Party
he
supported
its
programs
Washington
s
Farewell
Address
was
an
influential
primer
on
republican
virtue
and
a
warning
against
partisanship
sectionalism
and
involvement
in
foreign
wars
Washington
had
a
vision
of
a
great
and
powerful
nation
that
would
be
built
on
republican
lines
using
federal
power
He
sought
to
use
the
national
government
to
preserve
liberty
improve
infrastructure
open
the
western
lands
promote
commerce
found
a
permanent
capital
reduce
regional
tensions
and
promote
a
spirit
of
American
nationalism
2
At
his
death
Washington
was
hailed
as
first
in
war
first
in
peace
and
first
in
the
hearts
of
his
countrymen
3
The
Federalists
made
him
the
symbol
of
their
party
but
for
many
years
the
Jeffersonians
continued
to
distrust
his
influence
and
delayed
building
the
Washington
Monument
As
the
leader
of
the
first
successful
revolution
against
a
colonial
empire
in
world
history
Washington
became
an
international
icon
for
liberation
and
nationalism
especially
in
France
and
Latin
America
4
He
is
consistently
ranked
among
the
top
three
presidents
of
the
United
States
according
to
polls
of
both
scholars
and
the
general
public
Contents1
Early
life
1732
1753
2
French
and
Indian
War
or
Seven
Years
War
1754
1758
2
1
Braddock
disaster
17552
2
Commander
of
Virginia
Regiment2
3
Lessons
learned3
Between
the
wars
Mount
Vernon
1759
1774
4
American
Revolution
1775
1787
4
1
Commander
in
chief4
2
Victory
at
Boston4
3
Defeat
at
New
York
City
and
Fabian
tactics4
4
1777
campaigns4
5
Valley
Forge4
6
Victory
at
Yorktown4
7
Demobilization5
Constitutional
Convention
1787
6
Presidency
1789
1797
6
1
Domestic
issues6
2
Foreign
affairs6
3
Farewell
Address7
Retirement
1797
1799
7
1
Death8
Legacy8
1
Cherry
tree8
2
Monuments
and
memorials8
3
Papers9
Personal
life9
1
Slavery9
2
Religion9
3
Freemasonry10
Postage
and
currency11
See
also12
Notes13
References14
Bibliography15
External
links
Early
life
1732
1753
Further
information
Ancestry
of
George
WashingtonThe
first
child
of
Augustine
Washington
1694
1743
and
his
second
wife
Mary
Ball
Washington
1708
1789
George
Washington
was
born
on
their
Pope
s
Creek
Estate
near
present
day
Colonial
Beach
in
Westmoreland
County
Virginia
According
to
the
Julian
calendar
and
Annunciation
Style
of
enumerating
years
then
in
use
in
the
British
Empire
Washington
was
born
on
February
11
1731
according
to
the
Gregorian
calendar
implemented
in
the
British
Empire
in
1752
according
to
the
provisions
of
the
Calendar
New
Style
Act
1750
the
date
was
February
22
1732
5
6
Note
1
Washington
s
ancestors
were
from
Sulgrave
England
his
great
grandfather
John
Washington
had
immigrated
to
Virginia
in
1657
7
George
s
father
Augustine
was
a
slave
owning
tobacco
planter
who
later
tried
his
hand
in
iron
mining
ventures
8
In
George
s
youth
the
Washingtons
were
moderately
prosperous
members
of
the
Virginia
gentry
of
middling
rank
rather
than
one
of
the
leading
families
9
Six
of
George
s
siblings
reached
maturity
including
two
older
half
brothers
Lawrence
and
Augustine
from
his
father
s
first
marriage
to
Jane
Butler
Washington
and
four
full
siblings
Samuel
Elizabeth
Betty
John
Augustine
and
Charles
Three
siblings
died
before
becoming
adults
his
full
sister
Mildred
died
when
she
was
about
one
10
his
half
brother
Butler
died
while
an
infant
11
and
his
half
sister
Jane
died
at
the
age
of
12
when
George
was
about
2
10
George
s
father
died
when
George
was
11
years
old
after
which
George
s
half
brother
Lawrence
became
a
surrogate
father
and
role
model
William
Fairfax
Lawrence
s
father
in
law
and
cousin
of
Virginia
s
largest
landowner
Thomas
Lord
Fairfax
was
also
a
formative
influence
Washington
spent
much
of
his
boyhood
at
Ferry
Farm
in
Stafford
County
near
Fredericksburg
Lawrence
Washington
inherited
another
family
property
from
his
father
a
plantation
on
the
Potomac
River
which
he
later
named
Mount
Vernon
George
inherited
Ferry
Farm
upon
his
father
s
death
and
eventually
acquired
Mount
Vernon
after
Lawrence
s
death
12
The
death
of
his
father
prevented
Washington
from
crossing
the
Atlantic
to
receive
the
rest
of
his
education
at
England
s
Appleby
School
as
his
older
brothers
had
done
He
received
the
equivalent
of
an
elementary
school
education
from
a
variety
of
tutors
13
and
also
a
school
run
by
an
Anglican
clergyman
in
or
near
Fredericksburg
14
Talk
of
securing
an
appointment
in
the
Royal
Navy
for
him
when
he
was
15
was
dropped
when
his
mother
learned
how
hard
that
would
be
on
him
15
Thanks
to
Lawrence
s
connection
to
the
powerful
Fairfax
family
at
age
17
in
1749
Washington
was
appointed
official
surveyor
for
Culpeper
County
a
well
paid
position
which
enabled
him
to
purchase
land
in
the
Shenandoah
Valley
the
first
of
his
many
land
acquisitions
in
western
Virginia
Thanks
also
to
Lawrence
s
involvement
in
the
Ohio
Company
a
land
investment
company
funded
by
Virginia
investors
and
Lawrence
s
position
as
commander
of
the
Virginia
militia
Washington
came
to
the
notice
of
the
new
lieutenant
governor
of
Virginia
Robert
Dinwiddie
Washington
was
hard
to
miss
At
exactly
six
feet
he
towered
over
most
of
his
contemporaries
16
In
1751
Washington
travelled
to
Barbados
with
Lawrence
who
was
suffering
from
tuberculosis
with
the
hope
that
the
climate
would
be
beneficial
to
Lawrence
s
health
Washington
contracted
smallpox
during
the
trip
which
left
his
face
slightly
scarred
but
immunized
him
against
future
exposures
to
the
dreaded
disease
17
Lawrence
s
health
did
not
improve
he
returned
to
Mount
Vernon
where
he
died
in
1752
18
Lawrence
s
position
as
Adjutant
General
militia
leader
of
Virginia
was
divided
into
four
offices
after
his
death
Washington
was
appointed
by
Governor
Dinwiddie
as
one
of
the
four
district
adjutants
in
February
1753
with
the
rank
of
major
in
the
Virginia
militia
19
Washington
also
joined
the
Freemasons
in
Fredericksburg
at
this
time
20
French
and
Indian
War
or
Seven
Years
War
1754
1758
Main
article
George
Washington
in
the
French
and
Indian
WarSee
also
Military
career
of
George
Washington
Battle
of
Jumonville
Glen
Battle
of
Fort
Necessity
and
Forbes
ExpeditionWashington
s
map
accompanying
his
Journal
to
the
Ohio
1753
1754
In
1753
the
French
began
expanding
their
military
control
into
the
Ohio
Country
a
territory
also
claimed
by
the
British
colonies
of
Virginia
and
Pennsylvania
These
competing
claims
led
to
a
war
in
the
colonies
called
the
French
and
Indian
War
1754
62
and
contributed
to
the
start
of
the
global
Seven
Years
War
1756
63
Washington
was
at
the
center
of
its
beginning
The
Ohio
Company
was
one
vehicle
through
which
British
investors
planned
to
expand
into
the
territory
opening
new
settlements
and
building
trading
posts
for
the
Indian
trade
Governor
Dinwiddie
received
orders
from
the
British
government
to
warn
the
French
of
British
claims
and
sent
Major
Washington
in
late
1753
to
deliver
a
letter
informing
the
French
of
those
claims
and
asking
them
to
leave
21
Washington
also
met
with
Tanacharison
also
called
Half
King
and
other
Iroquois
leaders
allied
to
Virginia
at
Logstown
to
secure
their
support
in
case
of
conflict
with
the
French
Washington
and
Tanacharison
became
friends
and
allies
Washington
delivered
the
letter
to
the
local
French
commander
who
politely
refused
to
leave
22
Governor
Dinwiddie
sent
Washington
back
to
the
Ohio
Country
to
protect
an
Ohio
Company
group
building
a
fort
at
present
day
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
but
before
he
reached
the
area
a
French
force
drove
out
the
company
s
crew
and
began
construction
of
Fort
Duquesne
A
small
detachment
of
French
troops
led
by
Joseph
Coulon
de
Jumonville
was
discovered
by
Tanacharison
and
a
few
warriors
east
of
present
day
Uniontown
Pennsylvania
Along
with
their
Mingo
allies
Washington
and
some
of
his
militia
unit
then
ambushed
the
French
What
exactly
happened
during
and
after
the
battle
is
a
matter
of
some
controversy
but
the
immediate
outcome
was
that
Jumonville
was
injured
in
the
initial
attack
and
then
was
killed
whether
tomahawked
by
Tanacharison
in
cold
blood
or
somehow
shot
by
another
onlooker
with
a
musket
as
the
injured
man
sat
with
Washington
is
not
completely
clear
23
24
The
French
responded
by
attacking
and
capturing
Washington
at
Fort
Necessity
in
July
1754
25
However
he
was
allowed
to
return
with
his
troops
to
Virginia
Historian
Joseph
Ellis
concludes
that
the
episode
demonstrated
Washington
s
bravery
initiative
inexperience
and
impetuosity
26
These
events
had
international
consequences
the
French
accused
Washington
of
assassinating
Jumonville
who
they
claimed
was
on
a
diplomatic
mission
26
Both
France
and
Great
Britain
were
ready
to
fight
for
control
of
the
region
and
both
sent
troops
to
North
America
in
1755
war
was
formally
declared
in
1756
27
Braddock
disaster
1755Main
article
Braddock
ExpeditionIn
1755
Washington
was
the
senior
American
aide
to
British
General
Edward
Braddock
on
the
ill
fated
Braddock
expedition
This
was
the
largest
British
expedition
to
the
colonies
and
was
intended
to
expel
the
French
from
the
Ohio
Country
The
French
and
their
Indian
allies
ambushed
Braddock
who
was
mortally
wounded
in
the
Battle
of
the
Monongahela
After
suffering
devastating
casualties
the
British
retreated
in
disarray
however
Washington
rode
back
and
forth
across
the
battlefield
rallying
the
remnants
of
the
British
and
Virginian
forces
to
an
organized
retreat
28
Commander
of
Virginia
RegimentGovernor
Dinwiddie
rewarded
Washington
in
1755
with
a
commission
as
Colonel
of
the
Virginia
Regiment
and
Commander
in
Chief
of
all
forces
now
raised
in
the
defense
of
His
Majesty
s
Colony
and
gave
him
the
task
of
defending
Virginia
s
frontier
The
Virginia
Regiment
was
the
first
full
time
American
military
unit
in
the
colonies
as
opposed
to
part
time
militias
and
the
British
regular
units
Washington
was
ordered
to
act
defensively
or
offensively
as
he
thought
best
29
In
command
of
a
thousand
soldiers
Washington
was
a
disciplinarian
who
emphasized
training
He
led
his
men
in
brutal
campaigns
against
the
Indians
in
the
west
in
10
months
units
of
his
regiment
fought
20
battles
and
lost
a
third
of
its
men
Washington
s
strenuous
efforts
meant
that
Virginia
s
frontier
population
suffered
less
than
that
of
other
colonies
Ellis
concludes
it
was
his
only
unqualified
success
in
the
war
30
31
In
1758
Washington
participated
in
the
Forbes
Expedition
to
capture
Fort
Duquesne
He
was
embarrassed
by
a
friendly
fire
episode
in
which
his
unit
and
another
British
unit
thought
the
other
was
the
French
enemy
and
opened
fire
with
14
dead
and
26
wounded
in
the
mishap
Washington
was
not
involved
in
any
other
major
fighting
on
the
expedition
and
the
British
scored
a
major
strategic
victory
gaining
control
of
the
Ohio
Valley
when
the
French
abandoned
the
fort
Following
the
expedition
Washington
retired
from
his
Virginia
Regiment
commission
in
December
1758
He
did
not
return
to
military
life
until
the
outbreak
of
the
revolution
in
1775
32
Lessons
learnedAlthough
Washington
never
gained
the
commission
in
the
British
army
he
yearned
for
in
these
years
the
young
man
gained
valuable
military
political
and
leadership
skills
33
34
He
closely
observed
British
military
tactics
gaining
a
keen
insight
into
their
strengths
and
weaknesses
that
proved
invaluable
during
the
Revolution
He
demonstrated
his
toughness
and
courage
in
the
most
difficult
situations
including
disasters
and
retreats
He
developed
a
command
presence
given
his
size
strength
stamina
and
bravery
in
battle
he
appeared
to
soldiers
to
be
a
natural
leader
and
they
followed
him
without
question
35
36
Washington
learned
to
organize
train
drill
and
discipline
his
companies
and
regiments
From
his
observations
readings
and
conversations
with
professional
officers
he
learned
the
basics
of
battlefield
tactics
as
well
as
a
good
understanding
of
problems
of
organization
and
logistics
37
He
gained
an
understanding
of
overall
strategy
especially
in
locating
strategic
geographical
points
38
Historian
Ron
Chernow
is
of
the
opinion
that
his
frustrations
in
dealing
with
government
officials
during
this
conflict
led
him
to
advocate
the
advantages
of
a
strong
national
government
and
a
vigorous
executive
agency
that
could
get
results
33
other
historians
tend
to
ascribe
Washington
s
position
on
government
to
his
later
American
Revolutionary
War
service
Note
2
He
developed
a
very
negative
idea
of
the
value
of
militia
who
seemed
too
unreliable
too
undisciplined
and
too
short
term
compared
to
regulars
39
On
the
other
hand
his
experience
was
limited
to
command
of
at
most
1000
men
and
came
only
in
remote
frontier
conditions
that
were
far
removed
from
the
urban
situations
he
faced
during
the
Revolution
at
Boston
New
York
Trenton
and
Philadelphia
40
Between
the
wars
Mount
Vernon
1759
1774
A
mezzotint
of
Martha
Washington
based
on
a
1757
portrait
by
WollastonOn
January
6
1759
Washington
married
the
wealthy
widow
Martha
Dandridge
Custis
then
28
years
old
Surviving
letters
suggest
that
he
may
have
been
in
love
at
the
time
with
Sally
Fairfax
the
wife
of
a
friend
41
Nevertheless
George
and
Martha
made
a
compatible
marriage
because
Martha
was
intelligent
gracious
and
experienced
in
managing
a
planter
s
estate
42
Together
the
two
raised
her
two
children
from
her
previous
marriage
John
Parke
Custis
and
Martha
Parke
Custis
affectionately
called
Jackie
and
Patsy
by
the
family
Later
the
Washingtons
raised
two
of
Mrs
Washington
s
grandchildren
Eleanor
Parke
Custis
and
George
Washington
Parke
Custis
George
and
Martha
never
had
any
children
together
his
earlier
bout
with
smallpox
in
1751
may
have
made
him
sterile
43
Washington
may
not
have
been
able
to
admit
to
his
own
sterility
while
privately
he
grieved
over
not
having
his
own
children
44
45
The
newlywed
couple
moved
to
Mount
Vernon
near
Alexandria
where
he
took
up
the
life
of
a
planter
and
political
figure
Washington
s
marriage
to
Martha
greatly
increased
his
property
holdings
and
social
standing
and
made
him
one
of
Virginia
s
wealthiest
men
He
acquired
one
third
of
the
18
000
acre
73km2
Custis
estate
upon
his
marriage
worth
approximately
100
000
and
managed
the
remainder
on
behalf
of
Martha
s
children
for
whom
he
sincerely
cared
46
He
frequently
bought
additional
land
in
his
own
name
and
was
granted
land
in
what
is
now
West
Virginia
as
a
bounty
for
his
service
in
the
French
and
Indian
War
By
1775
Washington
had
doubled
the
size
of
Mount
Vernon
to
6
500
acres
26km2
and
had
increased
its
slave
population
to
over
100
As
a
respected
military
hero
and
large
landowner
he
held
local
office
and
was
elected
to
the
Virginia
provincial
legislature
the
House
of
Burgesses
beginning
in
1758
47
Washington
enlarged
the
house
at
Mount
Vernon
after
his
marriageWashington
lived
an
aristocratic
lifestyle
fox
hunting
was
a
favorite
leisure
activity
48
He
also
enjoyed
going
to
dances
and
parties
in
addition
to
the
theater
races
and
cockfights
Washington
also
was
known
to
play
cards
backgammon
and
billiards
49
Like
most
Virginia
planters
he
imported
luxuries
and
other
goods
from
England
and
paid
for
them
by
exporting
his
tobacco
crop
50
Washington
began
to
pull
himself
out
of
debt
in
the
mid
1760s
by
diversifying
his
previously
tobacco
centric
business
interests
into
other
ventures
50
and
paying
more
attention
to
his
affairs
51
In
1766
he
started
switching
Mount
Vernon
s
primary
cash
crop
away
from
tobacco
to
wheat
a
crop
that
could
be
processed
and
then
sold
in
various
forms
in
the
colonies
and
further
diversified
operations
to
include
flour
milling
fishing
horse
breeding
spinning
weaving
and
in
the
1790s
whiskey
production
50
Patsy
Custis
s
death
in
1773
from
epilepsy
enabled
Washington
to
pay
off
his
British
creditors
since
half
of
her
inheritance
passed
to
him
52
A
successful
planter
he
was
a
leader
in
the
social
elite
in
Virginia
From
1768
to
1775
he
invited
some
2000
guests
to
his
Mount
Vernon
estate
mostly
those
he
considered
people
of
rank
As
for
people
not
of
high
social
status
his
advice
was
to
treat
them
civilly
but
keep
them
at
a
proper
distance
for
they
will
grow
upon
familiarity
in
proportion
as
you
sink
in
authority
53
In
1769
he
became
more
politically
active
presenting
the
Virginia
Assembly
with
legislation
to
ban
the
importation
of
goods
from
Great
Britain
54
In
1754
Lieutenant
Governor
Dinwiddie
had
promised
land
bounties
to
the
soldiers
and
officers
who
volunteered
to
serve
during
the
French
and
Indian
War
55
Washington
tried
for
years
to
get
the
lands
promised
to
him
and
his
men
Governor
Norborne
Berkeley
finally
fulfilled
that
promise
in
1769
1770
55
56
with
Washington
subsequently
receiving
title
to
23
200
acres
94km2
near
where
the
Kanawha
River
flows
into
the
Ohio
River
in
what
is
now
western
West
Virginia
57
American
Revolution
1775
1787
Main
article
George
Washington
in
the
American
RevolutionSee
also
Military
career
of
George
WashingtonAlthough
he
expressed
opposition
to
the
1765
Stamp
Act
the
first
direct
tax
on
the
colonies
he
did
not
take
a
leading
role
in
the
growing
colonial
resistance
until
protests
of
the
Townshend
Acts
enacted
in
1767
became
widespread
In
May
1769
Washington
introduced
a
proposal
drafted
by
his
friend
George
Mason
calling
for
Virginia
to
boycott
English
goods
until
the
Acts
were
repealed
58
Parliament
repealed
the
Townshend
Acts
in
1770
However
Washington
regarded
the
passage
of
the
Intolerable
Acts
in
1774
as
an
Invasion
of
our
Rights
and
Privileges
59
In
July
1774
he
chaired
the
meeting
at
which
the
Fairfax
Resolves
were
adopted
which
called
for
the
convening
of
a
Continental
Congress
among
other
things
In
August
Washington
attended
the
First
Virginia
Convention
where
he
was
selected
as
a
delegate
to
the
First
Continental
Congress
60
Commander
in
chiefAfter
the
Battles
of
Lexington
and
Concord
near
Boston
in
April
1775
the
colonies
went
to
war
Washington
appeared
at
the
Second
Continental
Congress
in
a
military
uniform
signaling
that
he
was
prepared
for
war
61
Washington
had
the
prestige
military
experience
charisma
and
military
bearing
of
a
military
leader
and
was
known
as
a
strong
patriot
Virginia
the
largest
colony
deserved
recognition
and
New
England
where
the
fighting
began
realized
it
needed
Southern
support
Washington
did
not
explicitly
seek
the
office
of
commander
and
said
that
he
was
not
equal
to
it
but
there
was
no
serious
competition
62
Congress
created
the
Continental
Army
on
June
14
1775
Nominated
by
John
Adams
of
Massachusetts
Washington
was
then
appointed
Major
General
and
Commander
in
chief
63
Washington
had
three
roles
during
the
war
In
1775
77
and
again
in
1781
he
led
his
men
against
the
main
British
forces
Although
he
lost
many
of
his
battles
he
never
surrendered
his
army
during
the
war
and
he
continued
to
fight
the
British
relentlessly
until
the
war
s
end
He
plotted
the
overall
strategy
of
the
war
in
cooperation
with
Congress
64
Second
he
was
charged
with
organizing
and
training
the
army
He
recruited
regulars
and
assigned
Baron
and
General
Friedrich
von
Steuben
a
veteran
of
the
Prussian
general
staff
to
train
them
The
war
effort
and
getting
supplies
to
the
troops
were
under
the
purview
of
Congress
65
but
Washington
pressured
the
Congress
to
provide
the
essentials
66
In
June
1776
Congress
first
attempt
at
running
the
war
effort
was
established
with
the
committee
known
as
Board
of
War
and
Ordnance
succeeded
by
the
Board
of
War
in
July
1777
a
committee
which
eventually
included
members
of
the
military
65
The
command
structure
of
the
Americans
armed
forces
was
a
hodgepodge
of
Congressional
appointees
and
Congress
sometimes
made
those
appointments
without
Washington
s
input
with
state
appointments
filling
the
lower
ranks
and
of
all
of
the
militia
officers
67
The
results
of
his
general
staff
were
mixed
as
some
of
his
favorites
like
John
Sullivan
never
mastered
the
art
of
command
Eventually
he
found
capable
officers
like
General
Nathaniel
Greene
and
his
chief
of
staff
Alexander
Hamilton
The
American
officers
never
equalled
their
opponents
in
tactics
and
maneuver
and
consequently
they
lost
most
of
the
pitched
battles
The
great
successes
at
Boston
1776
Saratoga
1777
and
Yorktown
1781
came
from
trapping
the
British
far
from
base
with
much
larger
numbers
of
troops
64
Third
and
most
important
Washington
was
the
embodiment
of
armed
resistance
to
the
Crown
the
representative
man
of
the
Revolution
His
enormous
stature
and
political
skills
kept
Congress
the
army
the
French
the
militias
and
the
states
all
pointed
toward
a
common
goal
By
voluntarily
stepping
down
and
disbanding
his
army
when
the
war
was
won
he
permanently
established
the
principle
of
civilian
supremacy
in
military
affairs
And
yet
his
constant
reiteration
of
the
point
that
well
disciplined
professional
soldiers
counted
for
twice
as
much
as
erratic
amateurs
helped
overcome
the
ideological
distrust
of
a
standing
army
68
Victory
at
BostonWashington
assumed
command
of
the
Continental
Army
in
the
field
at
Cambridge
Massachusetts
in
July
1775
during
the
ongoing
siege
of
Boston
Realizing
his
army
s
desperate
shortage
of
gunpowder
Washington
asked
for
new
sources
American
troops
raided
British
arsenals
including
some
in
the
Caribbean
and
some
manufacturing
was
attempted
They
obtained
a
barely
adequate
supply
about
2
5million
pounds
by
the
end
of
1776
mostly
from
France
69
Washington
reorganized
the
army
during
the
long
standoff
and
forced
the
British
to
withdraw
by
putting
artillery
on
Dorchester
Heights
overlooking
the
city
The
British
evacuated
Boston
in
March
1776
and
Washington
moved
his
army
to
New
York
City
70
Although
highly
disparaging
toward
most
of
the
Patriots
British
newspapers
routinely
praised
Washington
s
personal
character
and
qualities
as
a
military
commander
These
articles
were
bold
as
Washington
was
an
enemy
general
who
commanded
an
army
in
a
cause
that
many
Britons
believed
would
ruin
the
empire
71
Defeat
at
New
York
City
and
Fabian
tacticsGeneral
George
Washington
at
Trenton
by
John
Trumbull
Yale
University
Art
Gallery
1792
In
August
1776
British
General
William
Howe
launched
a
massive
naval
and
land
campaign
designed
to
seize
New
York
The
Continental
Army
under
Washington
engaged
the
enemy
for
the
first
time
as
an
army
of
the
newly
independent
United
States
at
the
Battle
of
Long
Island
the
largest
battle
of
the
entire
war
The
Americans
were
heavily
outnumbered
many
men
deserted
and
Washington
was
badly
beaten
Subsequently
Washington
was
forced
to
retreat
across
the
East
River
at
night
He
did
so
without
loss
of
life
or
materiel
72
Washington
retreated
north
from
the
city
to
avoid
encirclement
enabling
Howe
to
take
the
offensive
and
capture
Fort
Washington
on
November
16
with
high
Continental
casualties
Washington
then
retreated
across
New
Jersey
the
future
of
the
Continental
Army
was
in
doubt
due
to
expiring
enlistments
and
the
string
of
losses
73
On
the
night
of
December
25
1776
Washington
staged
a
comeback
with
a
surprise
attack
on
a
Hessian
outpost
in
western
New
Jersey
He
led
his
army
across
the
Delaware
River
to
capture
nearly
1
000
Hessians
in
Trenton
New
Jersey
Washington
followed
up
his
victory
at
Trenton
with
another
over
British
regulars
at
Princeton
in
early
January
The
British
retreated
back
to
New
York
City
and
its
environs
which
they
held
until
the
peace
treaty
of
1783
Washington
s
victories
wrecked
the
British
carrot
and
stick
strategy
of
showing
overwhelming
force
then
offering
generous
terms
The
Americans
would
not
negotiate
for
anything
short
of
independence
74
These
victories
alone
were
not
enough
to
ensure
ultimate
Patriot
victory
however
since
many
soldiers
did
not
reenlist
or
deserted
during
the
harsh
winter
Washington
and
Congress
reorganized
the
army
with
increased
rewards
for
staying
and
punishment
for
desertion
which
raised
troop
numbers
effectively
for
subsequent
battles
75
Historians
debate
whether
or
not
Washington
preferred
a
Fabian
strategy
Note
3
to
harass
the
British
with
quick
sharp
attacks
followed
by
a
retreat
so
the
larger
British
army
could
not
catch
him
or
whether
he
preferred
to
fight
major
battles
Note
4
While
his
southern
commander
Greene
in
1780
81
did
use
Fabian
tactics
Washington
only
did
so
in
fall
1776
to
spring
1777
after
losing
New
York
City
and
seeing
much
of
his
army
melt
away
Trenton
and
Princeton
were
Fabian
examples
By
summer
1777
however
Washington
had
rebuilt
his
strength
and
his
confidence
and
stopped
using
raids
and
went
for
large
scale
confrontations
as
at
Brandywine
Germantown
Monmouth
and
Yorktown
76
1777
campaignsIn
the
late
summer
of
1777
the
British
under
John
Burgoyne
sent
a
major
invasion
army
south
from
Quebec
with
the
intention
of
splitting
off
rebellious
New
England
General
Howe
in
New
York
took
his
army
south
to
Philadelphia
instead
of
going
up
the
Hudson
River
to
join
with
Burgoyne
near
Albany
It
was
a
major
strategic
mistake
for
the
British
and
Washington
rushed
to
Philadelphia
to
engage
Howe
while
closely
following
the
action
in
upstate
New
York
In
pitched
battles
that
were
too
complex
for
his
relatively
inexperienced
men
Washington
was
defeated
At
the
Battle
of
Brandywine
on
September
11
1777
Howe
outmaneuvered
Washington
and
marched
into
the
American
capital
at
Philadelphia
unopposed
on
September
26
Washington
s
army
unsuccessfully
attacked
the
British
garrison
at
Germantown
in
early
October
Meanwhile
Burgoyne
out
of
reach
from
help
from
Howe
was
trapped
and
forced
to
surrender
his
entire
army
at
Saratoga
New
York
77
It
was
a
major
turning
point
militarily
and
diplomatically
France
responded
to
Burgoyne
s
defeat
by
entering
the
war
openly
allying
with
America
and
turning
the
Revolutionary
War
into
a
major
worldwide
war
Washington
s
loss
of
Philadelphia
prompted
some
members
of
Congress
to
discuss
removing
Washington
from
command
This
attempt
failed
after
Washington
s
supporters
rallied
behind
him
78
Valley
ForgeMain
article
Valley
ForgeWashington
and
Lafayette
look
over
the
troops
at
Valley
ForgeWashington
s
army
of
11
000
79
went
into
winter
quarters
at
Valley
Forge
north
of
Philadelphia
in
December
1777
Over
the
next
six
months
the
deaths
in
camp
numbered
in
the
thousands
the
majority
being
from
disease
80
with
historians
death
toll
estimates
ranging
from
2000
80
to
2500
81
82
to
over
3000
men
83
The
next
spring
however
the
army
emerged
from
Valley
Forge
in
good
order
thanks
in
part
to
a
full
scale
training
program
supervised
by
General
von
Steuben
84
The
British
evacuated
Philadelphia
to
New
York
in
1778
85
shadowed
by
Washington
Washington
attacked
them
at
Monmouth
fighting
to
an
effective
draw
in
one
of
the
war
s
largest
battles
86
Afterwards
the
British
continued
to
head
towards
New
York
and
Washington
moved
his
army
outside
of
New
York
85
Victory
at
YorktownThe
Surrender
of
Lord
Cornwallis
at
Yorktown
October
19
1781
by
John
Trumbull
Yale
University
Art
Gallery
1787
ca
1828
General
George
Washington
Resigning
His
Commission
by
John
Trumbull
Capitol
Rotunda
commissioned
1817
In
the
summer
of
1779
at
Washington
s
direction
General
John
Sullivan
carried
out
a
scorched
earth
campaign
that
destroyed
at
least
40
Iroquois
villages
in
central
and
upstate
New
York
the
Indians
were
British
allies
who
had
been
raiding
American
settlements
on
the
frontier
87
In
July
1780
5
000
veteran
French
troops
led
by
General
Comte
Donatien
de
Rochambeau
arrived
at
Newport
Rhode
Island
to
aid
in
the
war
effort
88
The
Continental
Army
having
been
funded
by
20
000
in
French
gold
Washington
delivered
the
final
blow
to
the
British
in
1781
after
a
French
naval
victory
allowed
American
and
French
forces
to
trap
a
British
army
in
Virginia
The
surrender
at
Yorktown
on
October
17
1781
marked
the
end
of
major
fighting
in
continental
North
America
89
DemobilizationWashington
could
not
know
that
after
Yorktown
the
British
would
not
reopen
hostilities
They
still
had
26
000
troops
occupying
New
York
City
Charleston
and
Savannah
together
with
a
powerful
fleet
The
French
army
and
navy
departed
so
the
Americans
were
on
their
own
in
1782
83
The
treasury
was
empty
and
the
unpaid
soldiers
were
growing
restive
almost
to
the
point
of
mutiny
or
possible
coup
d
tat
Washington
dispelled
unrest
among
officers
by
suppressing
the
Newburgh
Conspiracy
in
March
1783
and
Congress
came
up
with
the
promise
of
a
five
years
bonus
90
By
the
Treaty
of
Paris
signed
that
September
Great
Britain
recognized
the
independence
of
the
United
States
Washington
disbanded
his
army
and
on
November
2
gave
an
eloquent
farewell
address
to
his
soldiers
91
On
November
25
the
British
evacuated
New
York
City
and
Washington
and
the
governor
took
possession
At
Fraunces
Tavern
on
December
4
Washington
formally
bade
his
officers
farewell
and
on
December
23
1783
he
resigned
his
commission
as
commander
in
chief
Historian
Gordon
Wood
concludes
that
the
greatest
act
in
his
life
was
his
resignation
as
commander
of
the
armies
an
act
that
stunned
aristocratic
Europe
92
King
George
III
called
Washington
the
greatest
character
of
the
age
because
of
this
93
Constitutional
Convention
1787
Washington
s
retirement
to
Mount
Vernon
was
short
lived
He
made
an
exploratory
trip
to
the
western
frontier
in
1784
63
was
persuaded
to
attend
the
Constitutional
Convention
in
Philadelphia
in
the
summer
of
1787
and
was
unanimously
elected
president
of
the
Convention
He
participated
little
in
the
debates
though
he
did
vote
for
or
against
the
various
articles
but
his
high
prestige
maintained
collegiality
and
kept
the
delegates
at
their
labors
The
delegates
designed
the
presidency
with
Washington
in
mind
and
allowed
him
to
define
the
office
once
elected
94
After
the
Convention
his
support
convinced
many
to
vote
for
ratification
the
new
Constitution
was
ratified
by
all
thirteen
states
95
Presidency
1789
1797
George
Washington
by
Rembrandt
Peale
De
Young
Museum
ca
1850
Main
article
Presidency
of
George
WashingtonThe
Electoral
College
elected
Washington
unanimously
as
the
first
president
in
1789
Note
5
and
again
in
the
1792
election
he
remains
the
only
president
to
have
received
100
percent
of
the
electoral
votes
Note
6
John
Adams
who
received
the
next
highest
vote
total
was
elected
Vice
President
At
his
inauguration
Washington
took
the
oath
of
office
as
the
first
President
of
the
United
States
of
America
on
April
30
1789
on
the
balcony
of
Federal
Hall
in
New
York
City
97
The
1st
United
States
Congress
voted
to
pay
Washington
a
salary
of
25
000
a
year
a
large
sum
in
1789
Washington
already
wealthy
declined
the
salary
since
he
valued
his
image
as
a
selfless
public
servant
At
the
urging
of
Congress
however
he
ultimately
accepted
the
payment
to
avoid
setting
a
precedent
whereby
the
presidency
would
be
perceived
as
limited
only
to
independently
wealthy
individuals
who
could
serve
without
any
salary
98
The
president
aware
that
everything
he
did
set
a
precedent
attended
carefully
to
the
pomp
and
ceremony
of
office
making
sure
that
the
titles
and
trappings
were
suitably
republican
and
never
emulated
European
royal
courts
To
that
end
he
preferred
the
title
Mr
President
to
the
more
majestic
names
suggested
99
Washington
proved
an
able
administrator
An
excellent
delegator
and
judge
of
talent
and
character
he
talked
regularly
with
department
heads
and
listened
to
their
advice
before
making
a
final
decision
100
In
handling
routine
tasks
he
was
systematic
orderly
energetic
solicitous
of
the
opinion
of
others
but
decisive
intent
upon
general
goals
and
the
consistency
of
particular
actions
with
them
101
Washington
reluctantly
served
a
second
term
He
refused
to
run
for
a
third
establishing
the
customary
policy
of
a
maximum
of
two
terms
for
a
president
102
Domestic
issuesSee
also
Whiskey
RebellionWashington
was
not
a
member
of
any
political
party
and
hoped
that
they
would
not
be
formed
fearing
conflict
that
would
undermine
republicanism
103
His
closest
advisors
formed
two
factions
setting
the
framework
for
the
future
First
Party
System
Secretary
of
Treasury
Alexander
Hamilton
had
bold
plans
to
establish
the
national
credit
and
build
a
financially
powerful
nation
and
formed
the
basis
of
the
Federalist
Party
Secretary
of
the
State
Thomas
Jefferson
founder
of
the
Jeffersonian
Republicans
strenuously
opposed
Hamilton
s
agenda
but
Washington
typically
favored
Hamilton
over
Jefferson
and
it
was
Hamilton
s
agenda
that
went
into
effect
Jefferson
s
political
actions
his
support
of
Philip
Freneau
s
National
Gazette
104
and
his
attempt
to
undermine
Hamilton
nearly
led
George
Washington
to
dismiss
Jefferson
from
his
cabinet
105
Though
Jefferson
left
the
cabinet
voluntarily
Washington
never
forgave
him
and
never
spoke
to
him
again
105
The
Residence
Act
of
1790
which
Washington
signed
authorized
the
President
to
select
the
specific
location
of
the
permanent
seat
of
the
government
which
would
be
located
along
the
Potomac
River
The
Act
authorized
the
President
to
appoint
three
commissioners
to
survey
and
acquire
property
for
this
seat
Washington
personally
oversaw
this
effort
throughout
his
term
in
office
In
1791
the
commissioners
named
the
permanent
seat
of
government
The
City
of
Washington
in
the
Territory
of
Columbia
to
honor
Washington
In
1800
the
Territory
of
Columbia
became
the
District
of
Columbia
when
the
federal
government
moved
to
the
site
according
to
the
provisions
of
the
Residence
Act
106
In
1791
Congress
imposed
an
excise
tax
on
distilled
spirits
which
led
to
protests
in
frontier
districts
especially
Pennsylvania
By
1794
after
Washington
ordered
the
protesters
to
appear
in
U
S
district
court
the
protests
turned
into
full
scale
defiance
of
federal
authority
known
as
the
Whiskey
Rebellion
The
federal
army
was
too
small
to
be
used
so
Washington
invoked
the
Militia
Act
of
1792
to
summon
militias
from
Pennsylvania
Virginia
Maryland
and
New
Jersey
107
The
governors
sent
the
troops
and
Washington
took
command
marching
into
the
rebellious
districts
The
rebels
dispersed
and
there
was
no
fighting
as
Washington
s
forceful
action
proved
the
new
government
could
protect
itself
These
events
marked
the
first
time
under
the
new
constitution
that
the
federal
government
used
strong
military
force
to
exert
authority
over
the
states
and
citizens
108
Foreign
affairsIn
February
1793
a
major
war
broke
out
between
conservative
Great
Britain
and
its
allies
and
revolutionary
France
launching
an
era
of
large
scale
warfare
that
engulfed
Europe
until
1815
Washington
with
cabinet
approval
proclaimed
American
neutrality
The
revolutionary
government
of
France
sent
diplomat
Edmond
Charles
Gen
t
called
Citizen
Gen
t
to
America
Gen
t
was
welcomed
with
great
enthusiasm
and
propagandized
the
case
for
France
in
the
French
war
against
Great
Britain
and
for
this
purpose
promoted
a
network
of
new
Democratic
Societies
in
major
cities
He
issued
French
letters
of
marque
and
reprisal
to
French
ships
manned
by
American
sailors
so
they
could
capture
British
merchant
ships
Washington
warning
and
mistrustful
of
the
influence
of
Illuminism
that
had
been
so
strong
in
the
French
Revolution
as
recounted
by
John
Robison
and
Abb
Augustin
Barruel
and
its
Reign
of
Terror
demanded
the
French
government
recall
Gen
t
and
denounced
the
societies
109
Hamilton
and
Washington
designed
the
Jay
Treaty
to
normalize
trade
relations
with
Great
Britain
remove
them
from
western
forts
and
resolve
financial
debts
left
over
from
the
Revolution
110
John
Jay
negotiated
and
signed
the
treaty
on
November
19
1794
The
Jeffersonians
supported
France
and
strongly
attacked
the
treaty
Washington
s
strong
support
mobilized
public
opinion
and
proved
decisive
in
securing
ratification
in
the
Senate
by
the
necessary
two
thirds
majority
111
The
British
agreed
to
depart
from
their
forts
around
the
Great
Lakes
subsequently
the
U
S
Canadian
boundary
had
to
be
re
adjusted
numerous
pre
Revolutionary
debts
were
liquidated
and
the
British
opened
their
West
Indies
colonies
to
American
trade
Most
importantly
the
treaty
delayed
war
with
Great
Britain
and
instead
brought
a
decade
of
prosperous
trade
with
Great
Britain
The
treaty
angered
the
French
and
became
a
central
issue
in
many
political
debates
112
Relations
with
France
deteriorated
after
the
treaty
was
signed
leaving
his
successor
John
Adams
with
the
prospect
of
war
113
114
Farewell
AddressMain
article
George
Washington
s
Farewell
AddressWashington
s
Farewell
Address
September
19
1796
Washington
s
Farewell
Address
issued
as
a
public
letter
in
1796
was
one
of
the
most
influential
statements
of
republicanism
Drafted
primarily
by
Washington
himself
with
help
from
Hamilton
it
gives
advice
on
the
necessity
and
importance
of
national
union
the
value
of
the
Constitution
and
the
rule
of
law
the
evils
of
political
parties
and
the
proper
virtues
of
a
republican
people
He
called
morality
a
necessary
spring
of
popular
government
He
said
Whatever
may
be
conceded
to
the
influence
of
refined
education
on
minds
of
peculiar
structure
reason
and
experience
both
forbid
us
to
expect
that
national
morality
can
prevail
in
exclusion
of
religious
principle
115
Washington
s
public
political
address
warned
against
foreign
influence
in
domestic
affairs
and
American
meddling
in
European
affairs
He
warned
against
bitter
partisanship
in
domestic
politics
and
called
for
men
to
move
beyond
partisanship
and
serve
the
common
good
He
warned
against
permanent
alliances
with
any
portion
of
the
foreign
world
116
saying
the
United
States
must
concentrate
primarily
on
American
interests
He
counseled
friendship
and
commerce
with
all
nations
but
warned
against
involvement
in
European
wars
and
entering
into
long
term
entangling
alliances
The
address
quickly
set
American
values
regarding
foreign
affairs
117
Retirement
1797
1799
After
retiring
from
the
presidency
in
March
1797
Washington
returned
to
Mount
Vernon
with
a
profound
sense
of
relief
He
devoted
much
time
to
farming
and
other
business
interests
including
his
distillery
which
produced
its
first
batch
of
spirits
in
February
1797
118
As
Chernow
2010
explains
his
farm
operations
were
at
best
marginally
profitable
The
lands
out
west
yielded
little
income
because
they
were
under
attack
by
Indians
and
the
squatters
living
there
refused
to
pay
him
rents
However
most
Americans
assumed
he
was
truly
rich
because
of
the
well
known
glorified
fa
ade
of
wealth
and
grandeur
at
Mount
Vernon
119
Historians
estimate
his
estate
was
worth
about
1million
in
1799
dollars
equivalent
to
about
18million
in
2009
purchasing
power
120
By
1798
relations
with
France
had
deteriorated
to
the
point
that
war
seemed
imminent
and
on
July
4
1798
President
Adams
offered
Washington
a
commission
as
lieutenant
general
and
Commander
in
chief
of
the
armies
raised
or
to
be
raised
for
service
in
a
prospective
war
He
reluctantly
accepted
and
served
as
the
senior
officer
of
the
United
States
Army
between
July
13
1798
and
December
14
1799
He
participated
in
the
planning
for
a
Provisional
Army
to
meet
any
emergency
that
might
arise
but
avoided
involvement
in
details
as
much
as
possible
delegating
most
of
the
work
including
leadership
of
the
army
to
Hamilton
121
122
DeathWashington
s
tomb
at
Mount
Vernon
VirginiaOn
Thursday
December
12
1799
Washington
spent
several
hours
inspecting
his
farms
on
horseback
in
snow
hail
and
freezing
rain
later
that
evening
eating
his
supper
without
changing
from
his
wet
clothes
Friday
morning
he
awoke
with
a
severe
sore
throat
either
quinsy
or
acute
epiglottitis
and
became
increasingly
hoarse
as
the
day
progressed
Sometime
around
3am
that
Saturday
morning
he
awoke
his
wife
and
said
he
felt
ill
Following
common
medical
practice
at
the
time
he
was
bled
initially
by
an
employee
and
later
again
by
physicians
A
vein
was
opened
but
no
relief
afforded
Couriers
were
dispatched
to
Dr
Craik
the
family
and
Drs
Dick
and
Brown
the
consulting
physicians
all
of
whom
came
with
speed
The
proper
remedies
were
administered
but
without
producing
their
healing
effects
while
the
patient
yielding
to
the
anxious
looks
of
all
around
him
waived
his
usual
objections
to
medicines
and
took
those
which
were
prescribed
without
hesitation
or
remark
123
Washington
died
at
home
around
10pm
on
Saturday
December
14
1799
aged
67
The
last
words
in
his
diary
were
Tis
well
Note
7
Throughout
the
world
men
and
women
were
saddened
by
Washington
s
death
Napoleon
ordered
ten
days
of
mourning
throughout
France
in
the
United
States
thousands
wore
mourning
clothes
for
months
124
To
protect
their
privacy
Martha
Washington
burned
the
correspondence
between
her
husband
and
herself
following
his
death
Only
a
total
of
five
letters
between
the
couple
are
known
to
have
survived
two
letters
from
Martha
to
George
and
three
from
George
to
Martha
125
126
On
December
18
1799
a
funeral
was
held
at
Mount
Vernon
where
his
body
was
interred
127
Congress
passed
a
joint
resolution
to
construct
a
marble
monument
in
the
United
States
Capitol
for
his
body
supported
by
Martha
In
December
1800
the
United
States
House
passed
an
appropriations
bill
for
200
000
to
build
the
mausoleum
which
was
to
be
a
pyramid
that
had
a
base
100
feet
30m
square
Southern
opposition
to
the
plan
defeated
the
measure
because
they
felt
it
was
best
to
have
his
body
remain
at
Mount
Vernon
128
A
sculpture
of
George
Washington
in
Kensico
CemeteryIn
1831
for
the
centennial
of
his
birth
a
new
tomb
was
constructed
to
receive
his
remains
That
year
an
attempt
was
made
to
steal
the
body
of
Washington
but
proved
to
be
unsuccessful
129
Despite
this
a
joint
Congressional
committee
in
early
1832
debated
the
removal
of
Washington
s
body
from
Mount
Vernon
to
a
crypt
in
the
Capitol
built
by
Charles
Bulfinch
in
the
1820s
Yet
again
Southern
opposition
proved
very
intense
antagonized
by
an
ever
growing
rift
between
North
and
South
Congressman
Wiley
Thompson
of
Georgia
expressed
the
fear
of
Southerners
when
he
said
Remove
the
remains
of
our
venerated
Washington
from
their
association
with
the
remains
of
his
consort
and
his
ancestors
from
Mount
Vernon
and
from
his
native
State
and
deposit
them
in
this
capitol
and
then
let
a
severance
of
the
Union
occur
and
behold
the
remains
of
Washington
on
a
shore
foreign
to
his
native
soil
128
This
ended
any
talk
of
the
movement
of
his
remains
and
he
was
moved
to
the
new
tomb
that
was
constructed
there
on
October
7
1837
presented
by
John
Struthers
of
Philadelphia
130
After
the
ceremony
the
inner
vault
s
door
was
closed
and
the
key
was
thrown
into
the
Potomac
131
LegacyMain
article
George
Washington
s
legacySee
also
Historical
rankings
of
Presidents
of
the
United
Statesand
Cultural
depictions
of
George
WashingtonCongressman
Henry
Light
Horse
Harry
Lee
a
Revolutionary
War
comrade
famously
eulogized
Washington
132
First
in
war
first
in
peace
and
first
in
the
hearts
of
his
countrymen
he
was
second
to
none
in
the
humble
and
enduring
scenes
of
private
life
pious
just
humane
temperate
and
sincere
uniform
dignified
and
commanding
his
example
was
as
edifying
to
all
around
him
as
were
the
effects
of
that
example
lasting
To
his
equals
he
was
condescending
to
his
inferiors
kind
and
to
the
dear
object
of
his
affections
exemplarily
tender
correct
throughout
vice
shuddered
in
his
presence
and
virtue
always
felt
his
fostering
hand
the
purity
of
his
private
character
gave
effulgence
to
his
public
virtues
His
last
scene
comported
with
the
whole
tenor
of
his
life
although
in
extreme
pain
not
a
sigh
not
a
groan
escaped
him
and
with
undisturbed
serenity
he
closed
his
well
spent
life
Such
was
the
man
America
has
lost
such
was
the
man
for
whom
our
nation
mourns
Lee
s
words
set
the
standard
by
which
Washington
s
overwhelming
reputation
was
impressed
upon
the
American
memory
Washington
set
many
precedents
for
the
national
government
and
the
presidency
in
particular
and
was
called
the
Father
of
His
Country
as
early
as
1778
Note
8
133
134
135
Washington
s
Birthday
celebrated
on
Presidents
Day
is
a
federal
holiday
in
the
United
States
136
During
the
United
States
Bicentennial
year
George
Washington
was
posthumously
appointed
to
the
grade
of
General
of
the
Armies
of
the
United
States
by
the
congressional
joint
resolution
Public
Law
94
479
passed
on
January
19
1976
with
an
effective
appointment
date
of
July
4
1976
63
This
restored
Washington
s
position
as
the
highest
ranking
military
officer
in
U
S
history
Note
9
George
Washington
by
Gilbert
Stuart
finished
by
Rembrandt
Peale
Clark
Art
Institute
after
1796
Cherry
treeSee
also
Parson
Weems
The
cherry
tree
anecdoteApocryphal
stories
about
Washington
s
childhood
include
a
claim
that
he
skipped
a
silver
dollar
across
the
Potomac
River
at
Mount
Vernon
and
that
he
chopped
down
his
father
s
cherry
tree
and
admitted
the
deed
when
questioned
I
can
t
tell
a
lie
Pa
The
anecdote
was
first
reported
by
biographer
Parson
Weems
who
after
Washington
s
death
interviewed
people
who
knew
him
as
a
child
The
Weems
version
was
very
widely
reprinted
throughout
the
19th
century
for
example
in
McGuffey
Readers
Moralistic
adults
wanted
children
to
learn
moral
lessons
from
the
past
from
history
especially
as
taught
by
great
national
heroes
like
Washington
After
1890
however
historians
insisted
on
scientific
research
methods
to
validate
every
story
and
there
was
no
evidence
for
this
anecdote
apart
from
Weems
report
Joseph
Rodman
in
1904
noted
that
Weems
plagiarized
other
Washington
tales
from
published
fiction
set
in
England
No
one
has
found
an
alternative
source
for
the
cherry
tree
story
thus
Weems
credibility
is
questioned
137
138
Monuments
and
memorialsThe
George
Washington
Masonic
National
Memorial
Alexandria
VirginiaStarting
with
victory
in
their
Revolution
there
were
many
proposals
to
build
a
monument
to
Washington
After
his
death
Congress
authorized
a
suitable
memorial
in
the
national
capital
but
the
decision
was
reversed
when
the
Republicans
took
control
of
Congress
in
1801
The
Republicans
were
dismayed
that
Washington
had
become
the
symbol
of
the
Federalist
Party
furthermore
the
values
of
Republicanism
seemed
hostile
to
the
idea
of
building
monuments
to
powerful
men
139
Further
political
squabbling
along
with
the
North
South
division
on
the
Civil
War
blocked
the
completion
of
the
Washington
Monument
until
the
late
19th
century
By
that
time
Washington
had
the
image
of
a
national
hero
who
could
be
celebrated
by
both
North
and
South
and
memorials
to
him
were
no
longer
controversial
140
Predating
the
obelisk
on
the
National
Mall
by
several
decades
the
first
public
memorial
to
Washington
was
built
by
the
citizens
of
Boonsboro
Maryland
in
1827
141
Today
Washington
s
face
and
image
are
often
used
as
national
symbols
of
the
United
States
142
He
appears
on
contemporary
currency
including
the
one
dollar
bill
and
the
quarter
coin
and
on
U
S
postage
stamps
Along
with
appearing
on
the
first
postage
stamps
issued
by
the
U
S
Post
Office
in
1847
143
Washington
together
with
Theodore
Roosevelt
Thomas
Jefferson
and
Lincoln
is
depicted
in
stone
at
the
Mount
Rushmore
Memorial
The
Washington
Monument
one
of
the
best
known
American
landmarks
was
built
in
his
honor
The
George
Washington
Masonic
National
Memorial
in
Alexandria
Virginia
was
constructed
between
1922
and
1932
with
voluntary
contributions
from
all
52
local
governing
bodies
of
the
Freemasons
in
the
United
States
144
145
Lieutenant
General
George
Washington
by
Clark
Mills
Washington
Circle
Washington
D
C
1860
Many
places
and
entities
have
been
named
in
honor
of
Washington
Washington
s
name
became
that
of
the
nation
s
capital
Washington
D
C
one
of
two
national
capitals
across
the
globe
to
be
named
after
an
American
president
the
other
is
Monrovia
Liberia
The
state
of
Washington
is
the
only
state
to
be
named
after
a
United
States
President
146
George
Washington
University
and
Washington
University
in
St
Louis
were
named
for
him
as
was
Washington
and
Lee
University
once
Washington
Academy
which
was
renamed
due
to
Washington
s
large
endowment
in
1796
Washington
College
in
Chestertown
Maryland
established
by
Maryland
state
charter
in
1782
was
supported
by
Washington
during
his
lifetime
with
a
50
guineas
pledge
147
and
with
service
on
the
college
s
Board
of
Visitors
and
Governors
until
1789
when
Washington
was
elected
President
148
According
to
the
1993
US
Census
Washington
is
the
17th
most
common
street
name
in
the
United
States
149
and
the
only
person
s
name
so
honored
Note
10
The
Confederate
Seal
prominently
featured
George
Washington
on
horseback
150
in
the
same
position
as
a
statue
of
him
in
Richmond
Virginia
151
London
hosts
a
standing
statue
of
Washington
one
of
22
bronze
identical
replicas
Based
on
Jean
Antoine
Houdon
s
original
marble
statue
in
the
Rotunda
of
the
State
Capitol
in
Richmond
Virginia
the
duplicate
was
given
to
the
British
in
1921
by
the
Commonwealth
of
Virginia
It
stands
in
front
of
the
National
Gallery
at
Trafalgar
Square
152
In
1917
the
886
Washingtonia
asteroid
was
named
in
his
honor
PapersMain
article
The
Papers
of
George
WashingtonThe
serious
collection
and
publication
of
Washington
s
documentary
record
began
with
the
pioneer
work
of
Jared
Sparks
in
the
1830s
Life
and
Writings
of
George
Washington
12
vols
1834
1837
The
Writings
of
George
Washington
from
the
Original
Manuscript
Sources
1745
1799
1931
44
is
a
37
volume
set
edited
by
John
C
Fitzpatrick
It
contains
over
17
000
letters
and
documents
and
is
available
online
from
the
University
of
Virginia
153
The
definitive
letterpress
edition
of
his
writings
was
begun
by
the
University
of
Virginia
in
1968
and
today
comprises
52
published
volumes
with
more
to
come
It
contains
everything
written
by
Washington
or
signed
by
him
together
with
most
of
his
incoming
letters
Part
of
the
collection
is
available
online
from
the
University
of
Virginia
154
Personal
lifeGeorge
Washington
The
Constable
Hamilton
Portrait
by
Gilbert
Stuart
Crystal
Bridges
Museum
of
American
Art
Bentonville
Arkansas
1797
Along
with
Martha
s
biological
family
George
Washington
had
a
close
relationship
with
his
nephew
and
heir
Bushrod
Washington
son
of
George
s
younger
brother
John
Augustine
Washington
After
his
uncle
s
death
Bushrod
became
an
Associate
Justice
of
the
Supreme
Court
of
the
United
States
George
however
apparently
did
not
get
along
well
with
his
mother
Mary
Ball
Washington
Augustine
s
second
wife
who
was
a
very
demanding
and
difficult
person
155
As
a
young
man
Washington
had
red
hair
156
A
popular
myth
is
that
he
wore
a
wig
as
was
the
fashion
among
some
at
the
time
However
Washington
did
not
wear
a
wig
instead
he
powdered
his
hair
157
158
as
is
represented
in
several
portraits
including
the
well
known
unfinished
Gilbert
Stuart
depiction
The
Athenaeum
portrait
159
Washington
had
unusually
great
physical
strength
that
amazed
younger
men
While
the
story
of
him
throwing
a
silver
dollar
across
the
Potomac
River
is
untrue
he
did
throw
a
rock
to
the
top
of
the
215
feet
tall
Natural
Bridge
Jefferson
called
Washington
the
best
horseman
of
his
age
and
both
American
and
European
observers
praised
his
riding
the
horsemanship
benefited
his
hunting
a
favorite
hobby
Washington
was
an
excellent
dancer
and
frequently
attended
the
theater
often
referencing
Shakespeare
in
letters
160
He
drank
in
moderation
and
precisely
recorded
gambling
wins
and
losses
but
Washington
disliked
the
excessive
drinking
gambling
smoking
and
profanity
that
was
common
in
colonial
Virginia
Although
he
grew
tobacco
he
eventually
stopped
smoking
and
considered
drunkenness
a
man
s
worst
vice
Washington
was
glad
that
post
Revolutionary
Virginia
society
was
less
likely
to
force
guests
to
drink
and
to
make
it
an
honor
to
send
them
home
drunk
161
Washington
suffered
from
problems
with
his
teeth
throughout
his
life
He
lost
his
first
adult
tooth
when
he
was
twenty
two
and
had
only
one
left
by
the
time
he
became
President
162
John
Adams
claims
he
lost
them
because
he
used
them
to
crack
Brazil
nuts
but
modern
historians
suggest
the
mercury
oxide
which
he
was
given
to
treat
illnesses
such
as
smallpox
and
malaria
probably
contributed
to
the
loss
He
had
several
sets
of
false
teeth
made
four
of
them
by
a
dentist
named
John
Greenwood
162
Contrary
to
popular
belief
none
of
the
sets
were
made
from
wood
The
set
made
when
he
became
President
was
carved
from
hippopotamus
and
elephant
ivory
held
together
with
gold
springs
163
The
hippo
ivory
was
used
for
the
plate
into
which
human
teeth
quite
possibly
from
slaves
164
and
bits
of
horses
and
donkeys
teeth
were
inserted
Dental
problems
left
Washington
in
constant
pain
for
which
he
took
laudanum
165
This
distress
may
be
apparent
in
many
of
the
portraits
painted
while
he
was
still
in
office
165
including
the
one
still
used
on
the
1
bill
159
Note
11
SlaveryMain
article
George
Washington
and
slaveryRegarding
slavery
Washington
came
to
oppose
it
on
moral
and
economic
grounds
He
is
known
for
freeing
his
slaves
in
his
1799
will
to
take
effect
upon
the
death
of
his
widow
Washington
s
will
provided
for
training
the
younger
slaves
in
useful
skills
and
created
a
fund
for
old
age
pensions
for
the
older
ones
166
Upon
the
death
of
his
father
in
1743
the
11
year
old
Washington
inherited
10
slaves
At
the
time
of
his
marriage
to
Martha
Custis
in
1759
he
personally
owned
at
least
36
and
the
widow
s
third
of
her
first
husband
s
estate
brought
at
least
85
dower
slaves
to
Mount
Vernon
which
meant
he
had
achieved
the
status
of
a
major
planter
Using
his
wife
s
great
wealth
he
bought
land
tripling
the
size
of
the
plantation
and
additional
slaves
to
farm
it
By
1774
he
paid
taxes
on
135
slaves
this
does
not
include
the
dowers
The
last
record
of
a
slave
purchase
by
him
was
in
1772
although
he
later
received
some
slaves
in
repayment
of
debts
167
Washington
also
used
some
hired
staff
118
and
white
indentured
servants
in
April
1775
he
offered
a
reward
for
the
return
of
two
runaway
white
servants
168
Ferling
claims
that
Washington
desired
the
material
benefits
from
owning
slaves
and
wanted
to
give
his
wife
s
family
a
large
inheritance
169
Before
the
American
Revolution
Washington
expressed
no
moral
reservations
about
slavery
but
in
1786
Washington
wrote
to
Robert
Morris
saying
There
is
not
a
man
living
who
wishes
more
sincerely
than
I
do
to
see
a
plan
adopted
for
the
abolition
of
slavery
170
In
1779
he
told
his
manager
at
Mount
Vernon
that
he
wished
to
sell
his
slaves
when
the
war
ended
if
it
ended
in
an
American
victory
171
Maintaining
a
large
and
increasingly
elderly
slave
population
at
Mount
Vernon
was
not
economically
profitable
Washington
could
not
legally
sell
the
dower
slaves
and
because
they
had
long
intermarried
with
his
own
slaves
he
could
not
sell
his
slaves
without
breaking
up
families
172
As
president
Washington
brought
seven
slaves
to
New
York
City
in
1789
to
work
in
the
first
presidential
household
Following
the
transfer
of
the
national
capital
to
Philadelphia
in
1790
he
brought
nine
slaves
to
work
in
the
President
s
House
Two
escaped
to
freedom
173
Washington
came
to
his
opposition
to
slavery
on
both
moral
and
economic
grounds
As
the
historian
Gordon
S
Wood
writes
in
his
review
of
Joseph
Ellis
biography
of
Washington
He
concluded
that
slavery
was
economically
inefficient
and
that
people
who
were
compelled
to
work
would
never
work
hard
H
e
preferred
rock
ribbed
realism
to
any
idealistic
agenda
that
floated
above
the
realities
of
power
on
the
ground
But
in
his
will
he
did
free
the
slaves
whom
he
owned
outright
He
did
this
in
the
teeth
of
opposition
from
his
relatives
his
neighbors
and
perhaps
even
Martha
It
was
a
courageous
act
and
one
of
his
greatest
legacies
174
At
the
time
of
his
death
317
slaves
lived
at
Mount
Vernon
123
owned
by
Washington
154
were
dower
slaves
and
40
were
rented
from
a
neighbor
175
Dorothy
Twohig
argues
that
Washington
did
not
speak
out
publicly
against
slavery
because
he
did
not
wish
to
create
a
split
in
the
new
republic
with
an
issue
that
was
sensitive
and
divisive
176
By
1794
as
he
contemplated
retirement
Washington
began
organizing
his
affairs
so
that
he
could
free
all
the
slaves
he
owned
outright
in
his
will
177
His
will
provided
they
be
freed
when
Martha
died
but
she
freed
them
12
months
after
his
death
Chernow
says
By
freeing
his
slaves
Washington
accomplished
what
no
other
founding
father
dared
to
do
He
brought
the
American
experience
that
much
closer
to
the
ideals
of
the
American
revolution
178
ReligionMain
article
George
Washington
and
religionStained
glass
window
of
Washington
kneeling
in
prayer
Capitol
Prayer
Room
U
S
Capitol
Washington
D
C
Washington
was
an
outspoken
leader
in
calling
for
religious
liberty
and
tolerance
and
used
his
prestige
as
general
and
president
to
promote
good
will
among
Protestants
Catholics
and
Jews
He
sought
to
create
a
national
ethos
that
would
enable
every
American
to
in
his
paraphrase
of
the
Book
of
Micah
179
sit
in
safety
under
his
own
vine
and
fig
tree
and
there
shall
be
none
to
make
him
afraid
In
private
and
in
public
he
strongly
rejected
any
sign
of
intolerance
prejudice
and
every
species
of
religious
persecution
while
hoping
that
bigotry
and
superstition
would
be
overcome
by
truth
and
reason
in
the
United
States
180
In
a
letter
to
George
Mason
in
1785
Washington
wrote
that
he
was
not
among
those
alarmed
by
a
bill
making
people
pay
towards
the
support
of
that
religion
which
they
profess
but
felt
that
it
was
impolitic
to
pass
such
a
measure
and
wished
it
had
never
been
proposed
believing
that
it
would
disturb
public
tranquility
181
As
president
he
made
a
point
of
being
seen
attending
services
at
numerous
churches
including
Presbyterian
Quaker
Congregational
and
Catholic
As
president
he
officially
saluted
22
religious
groups
and
proclaimed
his
general
support
for
religion
182
Washington
was
known
for
his
generosity
Highly
gregarious
he
attended
many
charity
events
and
donated
money
to
colleges
schools
and
to
the
poor
As
Philadelphia
s
leading
citizen
President
Washington
took
the
lead
in
providing
charity
to
widows
and
orphans
hit
by
the
yellow
fever
epidemic
that
devastated
the
capital
city
in
1793
183
In
Virginia
Washington
was
a
member
of
the
Anglican
Church
184
which
had
established
status
meaning
tax
money
was
used
to
pay
its
minister
As
a
leading
land
owner
he
served
on
the
vestry
governing
board
for
Christ
Church
in
Alexandria
Virginia
and
for
Pohick
Church
near
his
Mount
Vernon
home
until
the
war
began
The
parish
was
the
unit
of
local
government
and
the
vestry
dealt
mostly
with
civic
affairs
such
as
roads
and
poor
relief
185
The
exact
nature
of
Washington
s
religious
beliefs
has
been
debated
by
historians
and
biographers
for
over
two
hundred
years
Washington
rarely
discussed
or
wrote
about
his
religious
and
philosophical
opinions
in
any
great
detail
y
downton abbey season 3
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ofthe
Politics
seriesExecutive
branchHead
of
stateDictatorMonarchPresidentGovernmentHead
of
governmentChancellorChief
ExecutiveChief
MinisterFirst
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systemSemi
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PortalThis
box
viewtalkeditA
president
is
a
leader
of
an
organization
company
trade
union
university
or
country
Etymologically
a
president
is
one
who
presides
who
sits
in
leadership
from
Latin
pre
before
sedere
to
sit
giving
the
term
praeses
Originally
the
term
referred
to
the
presiding
officer
of
a
ceremony
or
meeting
i
e
chairman
but
today
it
most
commonly
refers
to
an
official
Among
other
things
president
today
is
a
common
title
for
the
heads
of
state
of
most
republics
whether
popularly
elected
chosen
by
the
legislature
or
by
a
special
electoral
college
Contents1
Presidents
as
head
of
state1
1
Presidents
in
democratic
countries1
1
1
Semi
presidential
systems1
1
2
Parliamentary
systems1
1
3
Collective
Presidency1
2
Presidents
in
dictatorships1
3
Presidential
symbols1
4
Presidential
chronologies2
Presidential
titles
for
non
heads
of
state2
1
As
head
of
government2
2
Other
executive
positions2
2
1
Sub
national
presidents2
2
2
Poland2
2
3
Quebec2
2
4
United
Kingdom2
2
5
Deputies2
3
Judiciary2
3
1
France2
3
2
United
Kingdom2
4
Non
governmental
presidents3
See
also4
References
Presidents
as
head
of
state
Presidents
in
democratic
countriesPresidents
in
countries
with
a
democratic
or
representative
form
of
government
are
usually
elected
for
a
specified
period
of
time
and
in
some
cases
may
be
re
elected
by
the
same
process
by
which
they
are
appointed
i
e
in
many
nations
periodic
popular
elections
The
powers
vested
in
such
presidents
vary
considerably
Some
presidencies
such
as
that
of
Ireland
are
largely
ceremonial
whereas
other
systems
vest
the
President
with
substantive
powers
such
as
the
appointment
and
dismissal
of
Prime
Ministers
or
cabinets
the
power
to
declare
war
and
powers
of
veto
on
legislation
In
many
nations
the
President
is
also
the
Commander
in
Chief
of
the
nation
s
armed
forces
though
once
again
this
can
range
from
a
ceremonial
role
to
one
with
considerable
authority
In
states
with
a
presidential
system
of
government
the
president
exercises
the
functions
of
Head
of
State
and
Head
of
Government
i
e
he
or
she
directs
the
executive
branch
of
government
Presidents
in
this
system
are
either
directly
elected
by
popular
vote
or
indirectly
elected
by
an
electoral
college
or
some
other
democratically
elected
body
In
the
United
States
the
president
is
indirectly
elected
by
the
Electoral
College
made
up
of
electors
chosen
by
voters
in
the
presidential
election
In
most
U
S
states
each
elector
is
committed
to
voting
for
a
specified
candidate
determined
by
the
popular
vote
in
each
state
so
that
the
people
in
voting
for
each
elector
are
in
effect
voting
for
the
candidate
However
for
various
reasons
the
numbers
of
electors
in
favour
of
each
candidate
are
unlikely
to
be
proportional
to
the
popular
vote
Thus
in
four
close
U
S
elections
1824
1876
1888
and
2000
the
candidate
with
the
most
popular
votes
still
lost
the
election
In
Mexico
the
president
is
directly
elected
for
a
six
year
term
by
popular
vote
The
candidate
who
wins
the
most
votes
is
elected
president
even
without
an
absolute
majority
The
president
may
never
get
another
term
The
2006
Mexican
elections
had
a
fierce
competition
the
electoral
results
showed
a
minimal
difference
between
the
two
most
voted
candidates
and
such
difference
was
just
about
the
0
58
of
the
total
vote
The
Federal
Electoral
Tribunal
declared
an
elected
President
after
a
controversial
post
electoral
process
In
Brazil
the
president
is
directly
elected
for
a
four
year
term
by
popular
vote
A
candidate
has
to
have
more
than
50
of
the
valid
votes
If
no
candidates
achieve
a
majority
of
the
votes
there
is
a
runoff
election
between
the
two
candidates
with
most
votes
Again
a
candidate
needs
a
majority
of
the
vote
to
be
elected
In
Brazil
a
president
cannot
be
elected
to
more
than
two
consecutive
terms
but
there
is
no
limit
on
the
number
of
terms
a
president
can
serve
Many
South
American
Central
American
and
African
nations
follow
the
presidential
model
Semi
presidential
systemsA
second
system
is
the
semi
presidential
system
also
known
as
the
French
system
In
this
system
as
in
the
Parliamentary
system
there
are
both
a
president
and
a
prime
minister
but
unlike
the
parliamentary
system
the
president
may
have
significant
day
to
day
power
For
example
in
France
when
his
party
controls
the
majority
of
seats
in
the
National
Assembly
the
president
can
operate
closely
with
the
parliament
and
prime
minister
and
work
towards
a
common
agenda
When
the
National
Assembly
is
controlled
by
his
opponents
however
the
president
can
find
himself
marginalized
with
the
opposition
party
prime
minister
exercising
most
of
the
power
Though
the
prime
minister
remains
an
appointee
of
the
president
the
president
must
obey
the
rules
of
parliament
and
select
a
leader
from
the
house
s
majority
holding
party
Thus
sometimes
the
president
and
prime
minister
can
be
allies
sometimes
rivals
the
latter
situation
is
known
in
France
as
cohabitation
Variants
of
the
French
semi
presidential
system
developed
at
the
beginning
of
the
Fifth
Republic
by
Charles
de
Gaulle
are
used
in
France
Finland
Romania
Russia
Sri
Lanka
and
several
post
colonial
countries
which
have
emulated
the
French
model
Parliamentary
systemsSee
also
Parliamentary
systemsand
Parliamentary
republicsAnother
system
is
the
Parliamentary
republic
where
the
Presidency
is
largely
ceremonial
Countries
using
this
system
include
Israel
Ireland
Malta
Italy
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Turkey
Iceland
India
Pakistan
Germany
and
Greece
Collective
PresidencyOnly
a
tiny
minority
of
modern
republics
do
not
have
a
single
head
of
state
examples
are
Switzerland
where
the
headship
of
state
is
collectively
vested
in
the
seven
member
Swiss
Federal
Council
although
there
is
also
a
President
of
the
Confederation
who
is
a
member
of
the
Federal
Council
elected
by
the
Federal
Assembly
the
Swiss
Parliament
for
a
year
constitutional
convention
mandates
that
the
post
rotates
every
New
Year
s
Day
The
Captains
Regent
of
San
Marino
elected
by
the
Grand
and
General
Council
In
the
former
Soviet
Union
while
the
real
power
was
exercised
by
the
general
secretary
of
the
Communist
Party
the
Presidium
of
the
Supreme
Soviet
executed
powers
of
collective
head
of
state
and
its
chairman
was
often
called
president
in
the
West
Presidents
in
dictatorshipsIn
dictatorships
the
title
is
frequently
taken
by
self
appointed
and
or
military
backed
leaders
Such
is
the
case
in
many
African
states
Idi
Amin
in
Uganda
Adolf
Hitler
in
Germany
for
example
President
for
Life
is
a
title
assumed
by
some
dictators
to
try
to
ensure
that
their
authority
or
legitimacy
is
never
questioned
Ironically
most
leaders
who
proclaim
themselves
President
for
Life
do
not
in
fact
successfully
serve
a
life
term
On
the
other
hand
presidents
like
Alexandre
P
tion
Rafael
Carrera
Josip
Broz
Tito
and
Fran
ois
Duvalier
died
in
office
Kim
Il
Sung
was
named
Eternal
President
of
the
Republic
after
his
death
Lucius
Cornelius
Sulla
appointed
himself
in
82
BC
to
an
entirely
new
office
dictator
rei
publicae
constituendae
causa
which
was
functionally
identical
to
the
dictatorate
rei
gerendae
causa
except
that
it
lacked
any
set
time
limit
although
Sulla
held
this
office
for
over
two
years
before
he
voluntarily
abdicated
and
retired
from
public
life
The
second
well
known
incident
of
a
leader
extending
his
term
indefinitely
was
Roman
dictator
Julius
Caesar
who
made
himself
Perpetual
Dictator
commonly
mistranslated
as
Dictator
for
life
in
45
BC
His
actions
would
later
be
mimicked
by
the
French
leader
Napoleon
Bonaparte
who
was
appointed
First
Consul
for
life
in
1802
The
last
living
person
to
be
officially
proclaimed
president
for
life
was
Saparmurat
Niyazov
of
Turkmenistan
Several
presidents
have
ruled
until
their
death
but
they
have
not
proclaimed
themselves
as
President
for
Life
For
instance
Nicolae
Ceau
escu
of
Romania
who
ruled
until
his
execution
see
Romanian
revolution
Presidential
symbolsAs
the
country
s
head
of
state
in
most
countries
the
president
is
entitled
to
certain
perquisites
and
may
have
a
prestigious
residence
often
a
lavish
mansion
or
palace
sometimes
more
than
one
e
g
summer
and
winter
residence
country
retreat
for
symbols
of
office
such
as
an
official
uniform
decorations
a
presidential
seal
coat
of
arms
flag
and
other
visible
accessories
military
honours
such
as
gun
salutes
Ruffles
and
flourishes
and
a
presidential
guard
A
common
presidential
symbol
is
the
presidential
sashes
worn
by
mostly
Latin
American
presidents
as
a
symbol
of
the
presidency
s
continuity
and
presenting
the
sash
to
the
new
president
Presidential
chronologiesUN
member
countries
in
columns
other
entities
at
the
beginning
European
CommissionList
of
presidents
of
European
Union
institutionsPresident
of
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of
the
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of
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President
of
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of
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of
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of
South
OssetiaPresident
of
Nagorno
Karabakh
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of
the
Sahrawi
Arab
Democratic
RepublicPresident
of
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of
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of
the
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and
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Republic
of
theCongo
Republic
of
theCosta
RicaC
te
d
IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech
RepublicDjiboutiDominicaDominican
RepublicEast
TimorEcuadorEgyptEl
SalvadorEquatorial
GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFijiFinlandFranceGabonThe
GambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGuatemalaGuineaGuinea
BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKorea
SouthKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLiberiaLithuaniaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall
IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesia
Federated
States
ofMoldovaMongoliaMontenegroMozambiqueNamibiaNauruNepalNicaraguaNigerNigeriaPakistanPalauPanamaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRomaniaRussian
FederationRwandaSan
MarinoS
o
Tom
and
Pr
ncipeSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra
LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSomaliaSouth
Africa
1961
1994
South
Africa
1994
South
SudanSri
LankaThe
SudanSurinameSwitzerlandSyriaTajikistanTanzaniaTogoTrinidad
and
TobagoTunisiaTurkeyUgandaUkraineUnited
StatesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuelaVietnamYemenZambiaZimbabwe
Presidential
titles
for
non
heads
of
state
As
head
of
governmentSome
countries
with
parliamentary
systems
use
a
term
meaning
translating
as
president
in
some
languages
indistinguishable
from
chairman
for
the
head
of
parliamentary
government
often
as
President
of
the
Government
President
of
the
Council
of
Ministers
or
President
of
the
Executive
Council
However
such
an
official
is
explicitly
not
the
president
of
the
country
Rather
he
is
called
a
president
in
an
older
sense
of
the
word
to
denote
the
fact
that
he
heads
the
cabinet
A
separate
head
of
state
generally
exists
in
their
country
that
instead
serves
as
the
president
or
monarch
of
the
country
Thus
such
officials
are
really
premiers
and
to
avoid
confusion
are
often
described
simply
as
prime
minister
when
being
mentioned
internationally
There
are
several
examples
for
this
kind
of
presidency
The
official
title
of
the
Italian
Prime
Minister
is
President
of
the
Council
of
Ministers
Italian
Presidente
del
Consiglio
dei
Ministri
Under
the
French
Third
and
the
Fourth
Republics
the
President
of
the
Council
of
ministers
or
prime
minister
was
the
head
of
government
with
the
President
of
the
Republic
a
largely
symbolic
figurehead
The
Prime
minister
of
the
Irish
Free
State
from
1922
to
1937
was
titled
President
of
the
Executive
Council
of
the
Irish
Free
State
At
the
same
time
the
Irish
Free
State
was
a
constitutional
monarchy
with
a
reigning
monarch
the
King
of
Ireland
as
well
as
a
resident
Governor
General
carrying
out
many
head
of
state
functions
Under
the
constitutional
monarchies
of
Brazil
and
Portugal
the
President
of
the
Council
of
Ministers
Portuguese
Presidente
do
Conselho
de
Ministros
was
the
head
of
government
with
the
Monarch
being
the
head
of
State
Under
the
Portuguese
First
and
Second
Republics
the
head
of
government
was
the
President
of
the
Ministry
Portuguese
Presidente
do
Minist
rio
and
then
the
President
of
the
Council
of
Ministers
with
the
President
of
the
Republic
as
the
head
of
State
The
Prime
Minister
of
Spain
is
officially
referred
to
as
the
President
of
the
Government
of
Spain
and
informally
known
as
the
president
Spain
is
also
a
kingdom
with
a
reigning
king
The
official
title
of
the
Polish
prime
minister
is
President
of
the
Council
of
Ministers
Polish
Prezes
Rady
Ministr
w
In
British
constitutional
practice
the
chairman
of
an
Executive
Council
acting
in
such
a
capacity
is
known
as
a
President
of
the
Executive
Council
Usually
this
person
is
the
Governor
and
it
always
stays
like
that
Between
1918
and
1934
Estonia
had
no
separate
head
of
state
Both
Prime
Ministers
1918
1920
and
State
Elders
1920
1934
often
translated
as
Presidents
were
elected
by
the
parliament
Other
executive
positions
Sub
national
presidentsPresident
can
also
be
the
title
of
the
chief
executive
at
a
lower
administrative
level
such
as
the
parish
presidents
of
the
parishes
of
the
U
S
state
of
Louisiana
the
presiding
member
of
city
council
for
villages
in
the
U
S
state
of
Illinois
or
the
municipal
presidents
of
Mexico
s
municipalities
Perhaps
the
best
known
sub
national
presidents
are
the
borough
presidents
of
the
Five
Boroughs
of
New
York
City
In
the
early
years
of
the
United
States
some
states
had
Presidents
as
well
instead
of
Governors
PolandIn
Poland
the
President
of
the
City
Polish
Prezydent
miasta
is
the
executive
authority
of
the
municipality
elected
in
direct
elections
the
equivalent
of
the
mayor
The
Office
of
the
President
Mayor
is
also
found
in
Germany
and
Switzerland
QuebecIn
the
Canadian
province
of
Quebec
the
Speaker
of
the
National
Assembly
is
termed
President
since
1968
United
KingdomThe
Lord
President
of
the
Council
is
one
of
the
Great
Officers
of
State
in
England
who
presides
over
meetings
of
British
Privy
Council
the
Cabinet
headed
by
the
Prime
Minister
is
technically
a
committee
of
the
Council
and
all
decisions
of
the
Cabinet
are
formally
approved
through
Orders
in
Council
Although
the
Lord
President
is
a
member
of
the
Cabinet
the
position
is
largely
a
ceremonial
one
and
is
traditionally
given
to
either
the
Leader
of
the
House
of
Commons
or
the
Leader
of
the
House
of
Lords
DeputiesBelow
a
President
there
can
be
a
number
of
or
Vice
Presidents
or
occasionally
Deputy
Presidents
and
sometimes
several
Assistant
Presidents
or
Assistant
Vice
Presidents
depending
on
the
organisation
and
its
size
These
posts
do
not
hold
the
same
power
but
more
of
a
subordinate
position
to
the
president
However
power
can
be
transferred
in
special
circumstances
to
the
Deputy
or
Vice
President
Normally
Vice
Presidents
hold
some
power
and
special
responsibilities
below
that
of
the
President
The
difference
between
Vice
Deputy
Presidents
and
Assistant
Associate
Vice
Presidents
is
the
former
are
legally
allowed
to
run
an
organisation
exercising
the
same
powers
as
well
as
being
second
in
command
whereas
the
latter
are
not
Judiciary
FranceIn
French
legal
terminology
the
president
of
a
court
consisting
of
multiple
judges
is
the
foremost
judge
he
chairs
the
meeting
of
the
court
and
directs
the
debates
and
this
thus
addressed
as
Mr
President
Monsieur
le
Pr
sident
or
appropriate
feminine
forms
In
general
a
court
comprises
several
chambers
each
with
its
own
president
thus
the
most
senior
of
these
is
called
the
first
president
as
in
the
First
President
of
the
Court
of
Cassation
is
the
most
senior
judge
in
France
Similarly
in
English
legal
practice
the
most
senior
judge
in
each
division
uses
this
title
e
g
President
of
the
Family
Division
President
of
the
Court
of
Appeal
United
KingdomIn
the
recently
established
Supreme
Court
of
the
United
Kingdom
the
most
senior
judge
is
called
the
President
of
the
Supreme
Court
The
Lord
President
of
the
Court
of
Session
is
head
of
the
judiciary
in
Scotland
and
presiding
judge
and
Senator
of
the
College
of
Justice
and
Court
of
Session
as
well
as
being
Lord
Justice
General
of
Scotland
and
head
of
the
High
Court
of
Justiciary
the
offices
having
been
combined
in
1784
Non
governmental
presidentsPresident
is
also
used
as
a
title
in
many
non
governmental
organizations
The
head
of
a
university
or
non
profit
corporation
particularly
in
the
United
States
of
America
is
often
known
as
president
In
academic
or
education
systems
with
multiple
independent
campuses
the
relationship
between
the
roles
of
university
president
and
chancellor
can
become
quite
complicated
President
is
also
a
title
in
many
companies
and
corporations
In
some
cases
the
president
acts
as
chief
operating
officer
under
the
direction
of
the
chief
executive
officer
Alternatively
in
the
U
S
the
chairman
of
the
board
of
directors
may
be
called
the
president
In
The
Church
of
Jesus
Christ
of
Latter
day
Saints
the
head
of
the
church
is
known
as
the
President
Together
with
his
two
counselors
they
are
known
as
the
First
Presidency
This
pattern
is
repeated
throughout
the
church
in
quorums
and
in
other
bodies
each
of
which
is
led
by
a
president
The
Methodist
Church
in
the
UK
and
also
other
provinces
is
led
by
the
President
of
the
Methodist
Council
and
assumes
the
role
of
leading
minister
and
spokesperson
Many
other
organisations
clubs
and
committees
both
political
and
non
political
are
led
by
Presidents
as
well
Examples
can
vary
from
the
President
of
a
political
party
to
the
president
of
a
chamber
of
commerce
to
the
President
of
a
students
union
and
even
the
president
of
a
high
school
chess
club
See
alsoMr
President
title
President
title
Presidents
DayRequirements
for
becoming
a
presidentVice
presidentHead
of
state
Head
of
stateGovernor
GeneralMonarchList
of
state
leadersOther
head
of
government
Prime
ministerMinister
President
a
head
of
government
not
of
state
ReferencesRetrieved
from
http
en
wikipedia
org
w
index
php
title
President
amp
oldid
477865474
Categories
Chief
executivesHeads
of
stateManagement
occupationsPositions
of
authorityTitlesPresidentsHidden
categories
Articles
containing
Polish
language
text
daytona bike week
LEER
amazing race
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopedia
Redirected
from
Amazing
race
Jump
to
navigation
searchThis
article
is
about
the
reality
television
franchise
For
the
original
U
S
version
see
The
Amazing
Race
U
S
TV
series
For
other
uses
see
The
Amazing
Race
disambiguation
The
Amazing
RaceLogo
of
the
United
States
edition
of
The
Amazing
Race
used
from
Season
2
13
Logos
for
the
Asian
Brazilian
and
Israeli
versions
of
the
show
are
adapted
from
this
logo
The
newer
logo
of
United
States
edition
of
The
Amazing
Race
used
from
Season
14
to
present
season
Logos
for
the
Australian
and
Chinese
versions
of
the
show
are
adapted
from
this
logo
The
Amazing
Race
is
a
reality
television
game
show
in
which
teams
of
two
people
who
have
some
form
of
a
preexisting
personal
relationship
race
around
the
world
in
competition
with
other
teams
Contestants
strive
to
arrive
first
at
pit
stops
at
the
end
of
each
leg
of
the
race
to
win
prizes
and
to
avoid
coming
in
last
which
carries
the
possibility
of
elimination
or
a
significant
disadvantage
in
the
following
leg
Contestants
travel
to
and
within
multiple
countries
in
a
variety
of
transportation
modes
including
planes
balloons
helicopters
trucks
bicycles
taxicabs
personal
car
jeepneys
trains
buses
boats
and
by
foot
Clues
provided
in
each
leg
lead
the
teams
to
the
next
destination
or
direct
them
to
perform
a
task
either
together
or
by
a
single
member
These
challenges
are
related
in
some
manner
to
the
country
wherein
they
are
located
or
its
culture
Teams
are
progressively
eliminated
until
three
are
left
at
that
point
the
team
that
arrives
first
in
the
final
leg
is
awarded
the
grand
prize
Created
by
Elise
Doganieri
and
Bertram
van
Munster
the
original
series
has
aired
in
the
United
States
since
2001
and
has
earned
twelve
Primetime
Emmy
Awards
including
every
award
from
2003
to
2011
except
in
2010
for
Outstanding
Reality
Competition
Program
Top
Chef
won
in
2010
Emmy
award
winning
New
Zealand
television
personality
Phil
Keoghan
has
been
the
host
of
the
show
since
its
inception
The
show
has
branched
out
to
include
a
number
of
international
versions
following
a
similar
format
Contents1
The
Race1
1
Teams1
2
Money1
3
Route
markers1
4
Clues1
4
1
Route
Information1
4
2
Detour1
4
3
Roadblock1
4
4
Roadblock
twist1
4
5
Fast
Forward1
4
6
Yield1
4
7
U
Turn1
4
8
Intersection1
5
Race
legs1
5
1
Structure1
5
2
Start
Line
Task1
5
2
1
Express
Pass1
5
2
2
Hazard1
5
3
Pit
Stops1
5
4
Double
length
legs1
5
5
Non
elimination
legs1
5
6
No
break
legs1
5
7
Surprise
elimination
legs
Double
elimination
legs1
5
8
Final
leg1
6
Rules
and
penalties1
6
1
Rules1
6
2
Penalties
and
time
credits2
Production3
The
Amazing
Race
around
the
world4
Video
game5
See
also6
References7
External
links
The
RaceUnless
otherwise
indicated
the
seasons
refer
to
the
American
version
of
the
series
hosted
by
Phil
Keoghan
TeamsFour
teams
from
four
different
seasons
Clockwise
from
top
left
best
friends
Danny
amp
Oswald
of
Season
2
married
parents
Kim
amp
Chip
of
Season
5
brothers
Gerard
amp
Ken
of
Season
3
and
dating
couple
Lori
amp
David
of
Season
9
Typically
each
cycle
of
the
Race
features
eleven
teams
The
teams
represent
a
wide
demographic
of
different
ages
races
and
sexual
orientations
Each
team
is
composed
of
two
people
with
a
pre
existing
relationship
such
as
dating
married
and
divorced
couples
both
heterosexual
and
homosexual
relatives
including
siblings
and
parents
and
children
lifelong
friends
sports
team
colleagues
and
co
workers
The
dynamics
of
the
relationship
under
the
stress
of
competition
is
a
focus
of
the
show
and
are
often
described
by
the
teams
during
interviews
held
before
during
and
after
the
teams
have
raced
and
through
discussion
with
the
show
s
host
when
they
arrive
at
the
Pit
Stop
The
stress
of
racing
with
one
s
partner
staying
ahead
of
the
competition
completing
the
assigned
tasks
and
dealing
with
little
sleep
or
luxury
combined
to
create
killer
fatigue
a
phrase
coined
by
fans
of
the
show
and
often
a
team
s
inability
to
cope
with
the
fatigue
is
what
is
ultimately
responsible
for
a
team
s
elimination
from
the
Race
1
Original
Race
rules
required
that
teammates
have
had
a
pre
existing
relationship
longer
than
three
years
and
no
previous
acquaintances
with
other
racers
during
that
cycle
However
these
requirements
have
been
dropped
in
some
cases
Dustin
and
Kandice
from
Seasons
10
and
11
knew
each
other
from
the
beauty
pageant
circuit
and
from
Seasons
9
and
11
Eric
and
Danielle
met
on
the
Race
and
had
begun
dating
when
asked
to
be
on
the
All
Star
Season
2
Individual
racers
must
be
of
a
specific
nationality
and
meet
specific
age
requirements
this
is
necessary
to
allow
teams
to
obtain
the
necessary
passport
documentation
to
travel
across
the
world
without
incident
The
team
format
has
varied
in
some
seasons
Four
seasons
featured
twelve
teams
of
two
while
the
Family
Edition
featured
ten
teams
of
four
players
and
included
young
children
Unseen
by
the
viewer
most
of
the
time
teams
are
accompanied
by
a
two
man
audio
and
video
production
crew
that
records
the
team
as
they
race
and
must
be
able
to
travel
with
the
team
members
The
production
crews
are
switched
among
teams
each
leg
to
avoid
familiarity
MoneyAt
the
beginning
of
each
leg
of
the
race
each
team
receives
an
allowance
with
their
first
clue
from
which
all
expenses
food
transportation
lodging
attraction
admission
and
supplies
must
be
purchased
during
the
leg
Selected
tasks
have
also
required
the
teams
to
use
their
money
to
complete
the
task
However
teams
are
given
a
credit
card
which
they
must
use
to
purchase
airline
tickets
and
in
the
case
of
the
Family
Edition
the
purchase
of
gasoline
3
While
early
seasons
of
the
US
version
of
the
show
allowed
for
teams
to
use
the
credit
card
to
reserve
flights
outside
of
an
airport
or
travel
agency
recent
seasons
have
prohibited
this
use
Allowance
money
is
usually
given
in
the
same
currency
as
the
show
s
nation
regardless
of
location
US
versions
of
the
Race
will
provide
racers
with
U
S
dollars
In
one
exception
teams
were
given
money
in
the
currency
of
Vietnam
at
the
start
of
that
leg
The
amount
of
money
varies
from
leg
to
leg
and
has
ranged
from
hundreds
of
dollars
to
nothing
Teams
are
allowed
to
keep
any
unused
money
for
future
race
legs
barring
certain
penalties
for
finishing
last
If
team
members
spend
all
of
their
money
or
have
it
taken
away
in
a
non
elimination
leg
they
may
try
to
get
more
money
in
any
way
that
does
not
violate
the
local
laws
This
includes
borrowing
money
from
other
teams
begging
from
locals
or
selling
their
possessions
Since
Season
7
teams
have
been
prevented
from
begging
at
United
States
airports
Additionally
teams
may
not
use
their
personal
possessions
to
barter
payment
for
services
Teams
have
reported
on
the
existence
of
an
emergency
fund
of
approximately
US
200
that
is
carried
by
their
crew
and
can
only
be
used
in
extreme
circumstances
but
generally
not
as
a
means
to
pay
for
any
activity
related
to
the
race
4
However
the
exact
amount
is
not
known
nor
are
the
exact
circumstances
when
it
can
be
used
Route
markersRoute
Markers
are
uniquely
colored
flags
that
mark
the
places
where
teams
must
go
Most
Route
Markers
are
attached
to
the
boxes
that
contain
clue
envelopes
but
some
may
mark
the
place
where
the
teams
must
go
in
order
to
complete
tasks
or
may
be
used
to
line
a
course
that
the
teams
must
follow
The
original
Route
Markers
used
in
Season
1
were
colored
yellow
and
white
They
were
changed
to
yellow
and
red
in
The
Amazing
Race
2
which
has
remained
the
standard
Route
Markers
color
scheme
thereafter
Occasionally
different
color
schemes
are
adopted
for
certain
legs
seasons
or
versions
of
the
race
5
6
7
8
CluesWhen
teams
start
a
leg
arrive
at
Route
Markers
or
complete
certain
tasks
they
normally
receive
a
letter
sized
tear
away
envelope
that
contains
their
next
clue
inside
a
vertical
fold
folder
The
clues
themselves
are
typically
printed
on
a
vertical
strip
of
paper
although
additional
information
is
often
provided
inside
the
clue
folder
After
retrieving
the
clue
teams
open
the
envelope
and
read
aloud
the
instructions
given
on
the
clue
sheet
and
then
follow
those
instructions
Teams
are
generally
required
to
collect
each
clue
during
each
leg
and
keep
that
information
with
them
until
they
reach
the
next
Pit
Stop
surrendering
them
once
they
have
checked
in
At
Route
Markers
clue
envelopes
are
placed
inside
a
box
mounted
to
the
Marker
In
early
seasons
the
box
contained
exactly
the
number
of
clues
for
teams
on
that
leg
allowing
teams
to
indirectly
determine
their
current
placement
in
the
leg
by
counting
envelopes
In
more
recent
seasons
extra
envelopes
are
left
in
clue
boxes
to
prevent
this
from
occurring
In
some
cases
clues
most
often
of
the
Route
Info
type
have
been
provided
by
more
unorthodox
means
such
as
in
an
advertisement
in
a
local
newspaper
or
on
some
item
related
to
the
task
just
performed
A
common
unorthodox
means
in
the
US
version
is
to
place
the
clue
at
the
bottom
of
the
Roaming
Gnome
the
mascot
of
Travelocity
the
sponsor
of
the
US
version
Route
InformationRoute
Information
clues
instruct
the
teams
where
to
go
next
Such
a
clue
usually
provides
only
the
name
of
the
team
s
next
destination
it
is
up
to
the
teams
to
figure
out
how
to
get
there
A
notable
exception
occurs
during
the
first
leg
of
most
seasons
wherein
teams
are
provided
with
a
list
of
two
or
three
pre
arranged
flights
in
the
sense
that
production
guarantees
that
there
are
enough
tickets
for
all
teams
spread
out
among
the
flights
provided
from
which
teams
must
travel
In
addition
when
traveling
to
some
hard
to
reach
destinations
teams
may
be
provided
with
airline
tickets
for
a
specific
flight
However
in
this
situation
teams
are
still
permitted
to
search
for
other
flights
and
are
not
prohibited
from
booking
tickets
for
a
better
flight
than
the
one
provided
Route
Information
clues
may
specify
how
the
teams
have
to
travel
such
as
by
foot
by
train
or
by
air
and
instruct
teams
what
type
of
location
to
travel
to
such
as
a
specific
location
in
another
city
or
country
another
location
within
the
team
s
present
city
the
Pit
Stop
of
the
leg
or
the
Finish
Line
of
the
race
Route
Information
clues
have
also
provided
cryptic
clues
about
the
next
location
leaving
teams
to
figure
out
where
they
must
go
For
example
teams
have
been
given
a
small
country
flag
and
told
to
fly
to
that
country
or
have
been
told
to
travel
to
the
westernmost
point
in
mainland
Europe
In
some
cases
Route
Information
clues
will
require
all
teams
to
complete
a
non
Detour
non
Roadblock
task
before
getting
the
clue
to
their
next
destination
such
as
taking
part
in
a
ceremonial
observation
If
a
team
goes
to
the
next
destination
using
the
wrong
type
of
transport
they
will
get
a
30
minute
penalty
at
the
pit
stop
DetourA
Detour
presents
the
team
with
a
decision
between
two
tasks
each
with
its
own
pros
and
cons
The
two
tasks
are
named
often
based
on
rhymes
or
puns
such
as
Plow
Fowl
to
differentiate
between
a
task
involving
plowing
against
a
task
involving
corralling
ducks
Teams
are
given
several
details
about
both
tasks
but
may
need
to
travel
a
short
distance
by
foot
or
car
to
the
different
task
locations
Typically
one
task
is
less
physically
demanding
than
the
other
but
is
tedious
or
requires
some
amount
of
time
or
thinking
to
complete
while
the
other
is
usually
a
more
physically
demanding
or
frightening
option
that
depending
on
the
team
s
ability
may
take
less
time
to
complete
The
decision
about
which
task
to
attempt
lies
solely
with
the
team
A
team
may
choose
to
switch
tasks
as
many
times
as
they
wish
with
no
penalty
other
than
the
time
lost
in
attempting
the
tasks
and
traveling
between
task
locations
Unless
otherwise
instructed
teams
can
work
together
to
finish
a
Detour
option
Once
a
team
has
completed
one
of
the
tasks
they
are
given
the
clue
to
their
next
location
If
a
team
does
not
complete
a
detour
they
will
get
a
6
hour
penalty
RoadblockRob
and
Alex
attempt
to
eat
four
pounds
1
8
kg
of
meat
at
an
Argentine
barbecue
during
a
Roadblock
on
Leg
3
of
Season
7
A
Roadblock
is
a
task
that
only
one
team
member
may
perform
A
Roadblock
clue
is
given
as
a
cryptic
question
such
as
Who
s
really
hungry
or
Who
wants
to
get
down
and
dirty
Based
on
this
information
and
observation
of
any
other
racers
at
the
task
the
team
must
decide
which
member
will
complete
the
task
before
reading
the
full
task
description
Once
a
team
announces
its
decision
of
who
will
complete
the
Roadblock
it
can
not
be
taken
back
The
Roadblock
task
is
performed
only
by
the
selected
racer
while
their
partner
waits
in
a
designated
area
although
the
partner
is
usually
able
to
supply
words
of
encouragement
and
advice
Some
Roadblocks
may
involve
the
non
selected
racer
such
as
leading
a
camel
his
or
her
partner
rides
or
helping
his
or
her
partner
solve
a
puzzle
Normally
once
the
racer
completes
the
Roadblock
the
team
receives
their
clue
to
the
next
Route
Marker
Early
seasons
allowed
teams
to
distribute
the
Roadblocks
between
the
team
members
as
they
desired
which
allowed
one
team
member
to
do
nearly
all
the
Roadblocks
This
was
changed
in
Season
6
which
limited
a
single
teammate
to
a
maximum
number
of
Roadblocks
s
he
could
complete
thus
forcing
his
or
her
partner
to
perform
roughly
half
of
the
Roadblocks
as
well
9
Subsequent
seasons
have
not
explicitly
stated
this
rule
but
teams
have
maintained
an
even
distribution
of
Roadblocks
throughout
the
Race
Racers
can
be
heard
saying
they
ve
done
all
my
Roadblocks
or
saving
the
last
one
10
In
Season
9
the
Roadblock
limit
was
increased
to
a
maximum
of
seven
which
can
lead
to
a
6
6
or
5
7
distribution
11
In
Season
18
the
rule
was
further
modified
in
this
season
team
members
could
not
complete
more
than
five
roadblocks
prior
to
the
final
leg
This
season
featured
two
roadblocks
in
the
final
leg
so
all
of
the
final
three
team
members
would
complete
six
roadblocks
The
only
time
the
limit
was
not
enforced
was
during
the
Family
Edition
wherein
some
Roadblocks
required
two
people
from
each
4
person
team
to
participate
If
a
team
does
not
complete
a
roadblock
they
will
get
a
4
hour
penalty
Roadblock
twistSome
seasons
have
a
twist
for
roadblocks
The
first
one
is
an
intersection
roadblock
where
the
roadblock
appears
with
an
intersection
where
the
two
teams
work
together
to
perform
the
task
This
twist
appeared
only
once
The
second
twist
is
where
two
roadblocks
occur
in
the
same
single
length
leg
aka
a
double
roadblock
leg
where
all
members
must
complete
the
roadblock
While
one
member
performs
the
first
roadblock
the
other
member
does
the
second
roadblock
This
twist
appeared
three
times
in
the
race
Season
16
is
the
only
season
both
two
twists
appeared
in
the
same
season
In
leg
4
the
intersection
Roadblock
appeared
while
leg
10
was
the
double
roadblock
leg
Season
18
had
the
double
roadblock
leg
in
its
final
leg
Season
19
s
leg
5
was
also
a
double
roadblock
leg
Fast
ForwardNancy
amp
Emily
and
Bill
amp
Joe
race
to
complete
a
coin
counting
Fast
Forward
task
during
the
ninth
leg
of
the
first
season
A
Fast
Forward
is
a
task
that
once
completed
allows
the
team
that
completes
it
to
bypass
all
remaining
tasks
in
the
leg
and
proceed
directly
to
the
Pit
Stop
The
Fast
Forward
clue
is
given
with
another
task
clue
usually
a
Roadblock
or
Detour
and
is
a
separate
task
from
the
others
Only
one
team
may
complete
a
Fast
Forward
in
any
given
leg
and
a
team
may
only
complete
one
Fast
Forward
in
the
entire
Race
The
exception
to
this
rule
is
in
seasons
wherein
the
Fast
Forward
is
offered
in
conjunction
with
the
Intersection
in
which
case
a
team
may
win
the
Fast
Forward
both
as
an
individual
team
and
as
a
team
working
with
another
as
part
of
the
Intersection
instructions
Teams
that
win
the
Fast
Forward
are
not
guaranteed
a
first
place
finish
for
that
leg
and
still
face
elimination
if
they
arrive
at
the
Pit
Stop
last
Multiple
teams
may
undertake
Fast
Forward
tasks
but
only
the
first
team
to
complete
the
task
gets
credit
Fast
Forwards
were
initially
offered
on
every
leg
of
the
Race
including
some
that
were
not
shown
if
no
one
took
the
task
or
if
all
remaining
teams
had
won
their
Fast
Forward
The
number
of
Fast
Forwards
available
has
since
been
reduced
to
two
on
each
Race
since
Season
5
and
then
down
to
one
since
Season
14
to
reduce
the
costs
of
providing
Fast
Forward
tasks
that
would
not
be
taken
Season
14
did
not
air
the
Fast
Forward
because
no
one
had
opted
to
perform
the
Fast
Forward
in
that
race
Season
18
was
the
first
American
season
to
not
offer
a
Fast
Forward
and
the
subsequent
season
also
did
not
feature
a
Fast
Forward
It
is
not
known
if
the
Fast
Forward
was
merely
never
chosen
by
the
players
and
ultimately
unaired
or
if
it
has
been
phased
out
of
the
game
Fast
Forwards
were
still
part
of
the
first
Australian
race
the
third
Latin
American
race
and
the
second
Israeli
race
which
aired
concurrently
with
the
American
editions
YieldThe
Yield
introduced
in
Season
5
allows
any
one
team
to
force
another
team
to
stop
racing
for
a
predetermined
amount
of
time
The
Yield
Marker
is
placed
near
a
Route
Marker
and
teams
are
forced
to
stop
at
it
to
state
their
intentions
to
employ
the
Yield
The
clue
would
say
Caution
Yield
ahead
If
a
team
Yielded
another
team
they
would
place
a
photo
of
the
Yielded
team
along
with
a
Courtesy
of
photo
of
themselves
on
the
stand
When
the
Yielded
team
arrived
at
the
Yield
they
would
then
turn
over
an
hourglass
and
wait
for
the
sand
to
drain
before
they
could
continue
to
the
Route
Marker
A
team
may
only
use
its
Yield
power
once
on
the
race
and
only
one
team
may
be
Yielded
when
the
Yield
is
available
although
a
team
may
be
Yielded
multiple
times
during
the
same
Race
If
a
team
loses
its
Courtesy
of
photo
it
loses
its
Yield
power
12
13
If
the
team
that
is
Yielded
has
already
passed
the
Yield
the
Yield
is
nullified
During
Season
5
teams
were
not
aware
of
the
upcoming
Yield
In
subsequent
seasons
clues
have
alerted
teams
that
a
Yield
would
be
present
at
the
next
Route
Marker
Yields
were
present
in
every
leg
except
the
last
of
Season
5
while
only
three
were
present
in
Seasons
6
through
8
and
two
in
Seasons
9
through
11
Yields
have
not
been
present
in
the
US
Race
since
Season
11
after
a
revised
format
of
the
clue
the
U
Turn
Yields
are
still
present
within
the
foreign
editions
The
second
season
of
Israeli
version
has
a
different
format
of
the
Yield
where
at
the
start
of
the
leg
each
team
votes
for
who
should
receive
the
Yield
The
team
with
the
most
votes
is
forced
to
wait
out
the
yield
U
TurnThe
U
Turn
introduced
in
Season
12
as
a
replacement
of
the
Yield
is
similar
in
format
to
the
Yield
however
it
is
always
placed
immediately
after
a
Detour
After
completing
their
Detour
option
a
team
may
use
their
U
Turn
ability
to
force
another
team
to
backtrack
and
complete
the
Detour
option
they
did
not
previously
complete
Like
the
Yield
the
team
placing
the
U
Turn
places
a
photo
of
the
team
they
are
penalizing
along
with
their
own
Courtesy
Of
photo
on
the
U
Turn
marker
stand
Also
if
a
team
has
lost
their
Courtesy
Of
photo
they
will
be
unable
to
use
their
U
Turn
power
for
the
remainder
of
the
Race
14
It
is
possible
for
a
team
to
U
Turn
a
team
that
has
already
passed
the
U
Turn
or
skipped
it
by
means
of
a
Fast
Forward
nullifying
its
effects
and
usually
the
U
Turn
will
be
unaired
on
television
A
team
can
only
use
their
U
Turn
power
once
per
Race
Teams
are
warned
of
an
upcoming
U
Turn
on
the
Route
Marker
after
the
Detour
clue
If
there
are
both
a
U
Turn
and
a
Fast
Forward
available
in
the
same
leg
or
if
the
U
Turn
is
a
Double
U
Turn
teams
will
be
made
aware
that
a
U
Turn
will
be
available
at
some
point
during
the
leg
when
they
leave
the
Pit
Stop
since
the
team
taking
the
Fast
Forward
option
will
have
skipped
the
Detour
as
well
as
the
U
Turn
marker
except
when
the
Detour
comes
before
the
Fast
Forward
Season
15
was
the
first
and
currently
the
only
season
not
to
air
a
U
Turn
since
this
mechanism
was
introduced
Starting
in
Season
14
teams
were
met
with
a
new
variation
of
the
U
Turn
called
a
Blind
U
Turn
If
teams
use
a
Blind
U
Turn
they
do
not
have
to
publicly
reveal
themselves
as
the
perpetrators
with
their
Courtesy
Of
photo
From
Season
17
a
Double
U
Turn
was
introduced
in
which
two
teams
can
each
choose
a
team
to
U
Turn
Teams
are
notified
in
the
first
clue
of
the
Double
U
Turn
leg
that
it
will
occur
at
some
point
Once
the
team
completes
their
detour
the
next
clue
will
mention
Caution
Double
U
Turn
ahead
A
team
can
only
U
Turn
once
and
a
team
cannot
be
U
Turned
twice
in
the
same
leg
In
addition
a
U
Turned
team
can
U
Turn
another
team
and
this
can
be
done
before
they
complete
their
extra
detour
branch
Season
18
introduced
an
automatic
U
Turn
where
the
team
who
came
in
last
in
the
starting
line
task
would
have
to
do
both
tasks
of
the
first
Detour
which
was
not
incurred
until
leg
2
The
second
season
of
Israeli
version
has
a
different
format
of
the
U
Turn
where
at
the
start
of
the
leg
each
team
votes
for
who
should
receive
the
U
Turn
The
team
with
the
most
votes
is
forced
to
complete
both
of
the
Detour
tasks
upon
arriving
at
the
Detour
In
Season
19
the
U
Turn
sign
had
a
complete
makeover
similar
to
the
Speed
Bump
In
the
past
teams
were
required
to
carry
their
Courtesy
Of
photo
and
grab
a
sticker
from
the
box
and
stick
them
on
the
sign
This
time
a
large
touch
screen
and
a
small
touch
screen
were
on
the
U
Turn
sign
two
sets
in
a
Double
U
Turn
Here
teams
had
to
touch
their
own
photo
on
the
small
screen
and
another
team
on
the
large
screen
to
use
their
U
Turn
power
This
meant
that
teams
didn
t
have
to
carry
a
Courtesy
Of
photo
throughout
the
race
When
choosing
the
teams
the
users
are
aware
which
teams
are
still
in
the
race
and
which
ones
are
eliminated
to
avoid
wasting
their
U
Turn
power
IntersectionThe
Intersection
used
in
Seasons
10
11
16
requires
each
team
to
pair
up
with
one
other
team
and
perform
all
tasks
and
make
decisions
together
until
further
notice
Should
there
be
no
other
teams
present
when
a
given
team
arrives
at
the
Intersection
Route
Marker
they
must
wait
there
until
another
team
arrives
although
they
do
not
have
to
partner
with
that
team
and
can
opt
to
wait
for
another
team
instead
Teams
are
free
to
choose
their
partner
team
if
multiple
teams
are
present
Teams
are
not
warned
when
an
Intersection
is
coming
Normal
Route
Markers
have
been
included
with
the
use
of
the
Intersection
The
first
season
of
the
Australian
version
featured
two
separate
Intersections
during
its
run
with
the
second
Intersection
having
a
unique
set
of
penalties
for
quitting
part
way
through
the
task
The
second
season
of
the
Latin
American
version
also
featured
a
task
called
an
Intersection
but
the
rules
were
extremely
different
from
the
American
and
Australian
Intersections
When
two
teams
reached
the
Intersection
they
competed
against
each
other
in
a
task
The
winning
team
was
given
their
next
clue
while
the
losing
team
had
to
wait
for
the
next
team
s
arrival
to
start
the
task
over
the
last
team
to
lose
had
to
wait
15
minutes
before
receiving
their
clue
this
was
added
in
the
second
season
for
the
Israeli
version
but
it
was
known
as
a
double
battle
Race
legs
StructureEach
leg
of
The
Amazing
Race
generally
consists
of
teams
leaving
from
the
previous
Pit
Stop
and
traveling
to
a
different
location
often
in
a
different
country
where
they
perform
two
or
more
tasks
generally
including
one
Detour
and
one
Roadblock
before
being
given
instructions
to
the
next
Pit
Stop
When
teams
are
otherwise
not
performing
tasks
or
traveling
during
a
leg
they
are
free
to
use
their
time
as
they
see
fit
although
they
will
often
resort
to
eating
cheaply
or
sleeping
outside
a
location
to
save
their
Race
money
Start
Line
TaskThe
start
line
task
is
a
task
that
takes
place
at
the
starting
line
It
was
introduced
in
season
15
and
used
later
in
seasons
18
and
19
Teams
usually
have
to
find
the
name
of
the
first
location
in
a
puzzle
or
find
an
item
related
to
the
first
location
i
e
a
number
plate
The
last
team
to
finsh
the
task
gets
a
penalty
seasons
18
and
19
or
is
eliminated
season
15
Express
PassThe
Express
Pass
introduced
in
Season
17
which
given
the
prize
for
first
leg
allows
a
team
to
skip
any
one
task
including
Roadblocks
Detours
and
miscellaneous
tasks
during
the
race
The
choice
of
which
task
to
skip
is
at
the
team
s
discretion
but
the
power
if
unused
expires
at
the
end
of
the
eighth
leg
The
Australian
edition
of
the
program
incorporated
the
Express
Pass
into
its
game
while
the
3rd
season
of
Latin
American
edition
included
it
as
the
Pase
Directo
HazardThe
Hazard
introduced
in
Season
19
is
a
penalty
applied
to
the
team
who
came
in
last
at
the
starting
line
task
After
completing
a
task
in
Season
19
it
was
a
Roadblock
the
team
was
given
a
different
clue
that
directed
them
to
another
location
where
they
found
the
Hazard
clue
The
Hazard
consisted
of
a
task
that
only
one
of
the
team
members
had
to
perform
Several
sources
have
reported
that
the
Hazard
will
affect
the
team
throughout
the
Race
15
this
contrasts
with
an
interview
American
host
Phil
Keoghan
had
to
promote
the
new
season
where
it
only
affected
the
team
on
the
first
leg
16
This
built
off
of
Season
18
s
starting
task
where
the
penalty
was
an
automatic
U
Turn
at
only
the
first
Detour
Pit
StopsPit
Stops
are
the
final
destination
in
each
leg
of
the
race
and
where
all
non
eliminated
teams
go
after
checking
in
at
the
mat
Each
Pit
Stop
is
a
mandatory
rest
period
which
allows
teams
to
eat
sleep
and
mingle
with
each
other
The
production
staff
provides
lodging
from
simple
accommodations
as
tents
or
cots
to
complete
hotel
service
and
food
free
of
charge
to
the
teams
at
the
Pit
Stops
During
the
Pit
Stop
teams
are
also
interviewed
to
provide
commentary
and
voiceovers
for
the
completed
leg
While
teams
are
restricted
to
where
they
can
go
teams
are
free
to
use
the
remaining
time
for
any
purpose
as
they
see
fit
In
recent
seasons
of
the
U
S
version
of
the
Race
teams
have
reported
that
they
have
been
sequestered
from
other
teams
during
Pit
Stops
17
During
Pit
Stops
racers
are
sometimes
required
to
relinquish
Race
provided
material
from
the
previous
legs
including
clues
maps
and
additional
instructions
Teams
are
responsible
for
being
ready
to
leave
when
their
Pit
Stop
time
is
over
and
no
time
credit
is
given
should
a
team
miss
their
time
to
leave
Pit
Stops
mostly
in
earlier
seasons
are
normally
twelve
hours
long
such
that
if
a
team
arrived
at
9
00
a
m
they
will
depart
on
the
next
leg
at
9
00
p
m
When
the
show
encounters
production
issues
or
if
planned
ahead
of
time
the
pit
stop
is
often
extended
by
multiples
of
24
hours
such
that
teams
will
still
leave
what
appears
to
be
12
hours
later
to
the
television
viewer
However
viewers
have
been
able
to
use
dates
and
times
displayed
during
the
show
and
post
Race
interviews
to
determine
where
these
extended
Pit
Stops
occur
and
their
approximate
length
Beginning
with
Season
8
the
Pit
Stops
have
included
ones
of
various
lengths
between
12
and
24
hours
as
to
prevent
teams
from
loitering
at
airports
or
finding
flights
that
may
get
them
too
much
of
a
lead
on
other
teams
One
major
clue
when
this
occurs
is
when
Phil
does
not
indicate
an
arrival
time
for
team
departing
first
The
longest
known
Pit
Stop
occurred
during
the
first
US
season
when
production
was
forced
to
relocate
the
Pit
Stop
in
Tunisia
due
to
a
sandstorm
This
was
the
first
instance
of
a
mobile
pit
stop
which
also
appeared
in
Seasons
3
15
16
and
18
where
teams
have
been
transported
to
another
location
during
the
pit
stop
without
any
knowledge
of
their
final
destination
Double
length
legsSome
Races
have
included
a
double
length
leg
also
called
to
be
continued
legs
shown
over
two
episodes
or
a
single
two
hour
long
episode
where
teams
are
not
checked
in
at
a
Pit
Stop
but
instead
given
a
clue
to
continue
racing
The
clues
that
precede
the
mid
point
of
the
double
length
leg
often
will
hint
at
a
Pit
Stop
but
will
not
include
the
normal
language
found
in
clues
for
normal
length
legs
that
direct
teams
to
the
Pit
Stop
In
some
cases
the
host
has
been
present
along
with
the
check
in
mat
to
give
teams
their
next
clues
Double
length
race
legs
were
born
out
of
necessity
during
Season
6
Leg
6
in
Hungary
was
originally
planned
to
be
two
legs
with
a
non
elimination
point
between
the
legs
which
would
have
stripped
the
last
team
of
their
money
and
not
given
them
any
at
the
start
of
the
next
leg
Producers
discovered
during
the
race
that
begging
is
illegal
in
Hungary
which
would
have
made
it
nearly
impossible
for
the
last
place
team
to
acquire
the
money
needed
for
the
upcoming
leg
and
quickly
devised
the
extended
leg
to
mimic
the
effects
of
a
non
elimination
leg
keeping
the
same
number
of
teams
in
the
race
and
using
a
simple
video
message
clue
to
provide
teams
the
goal
for
the
first
task
of
the
second
half
of
the
leg
18
More
double
length
legs
were
shown
from
Season
7
to
Season
10
Season
14
and
season
1
of
the
Australian
verson
It
has
also
been
shown
on
Season
18
on
two
legs
as
of
March
20
2011
see
No
break
legs
section
and
one
leg
on
Season
19
which
was
in
Leg
9
In
addition
the
season
finale
of
the
Family
Edition
contained
a
double
length
leg
similar
to
Season
6
This
was
repeated
in
Season
2
of
the
Latin
American
edition
however
the
final
leg
was
broadcast
as
two
different
episodes
Non
elimination
legsA
number
of
legs
on
each
Race
are
predetermined
non
elimination
legs
where
the
last
team
to
check
in
is
not
eliminated
Up
through
US
Season
4
there
was
no
penalty
for
finishing
last
on
a
non
elimination
leg
this
was
repeated
on
one
of
the
legs
in
Season
17
though
this
was
due
to
a
production
error
In
Seasons
5
through
9
the
last
team
to
check
in
was
stripped
of
all
their
money
and
were
not
given
any
money
at
the
start
of
the
next
leg
forcing
that
team
to
literally
beg
for
money
from
the
local
population
of
the
city
they
were
in
for
such
expenses
as
cab
bus
or
train
fare
In
addition
from
Seasons
7
through
9
these
teams
would
also
be
forced
to
give
up
all
their
bags
leaving
them
with
only
the
clothes
on
their
backs
and
the
fanny
pack
teams
use
to
carry
their
passports
and
Race
documentation
this
last
penalty
caused
many
teams
thinking
themselves
to
be
in
last
to
wear
as
much
clothing
as
possible
before
checking
in
In
Seasons
10
and
11
and
most
international
versons
teams
that
came
in
last
on
non
elimination
legs
were
marked
for
elimination
if
they
did
not
come
in
first
on
the
subsequent
leg
they
would
receive
a
30
minute
penalty
upon
check
in
at
the
mat
and
other
trailing
teams
could
check
in
before
the
30
minute
penalty
expires
and
they
could
ultimately
be
eliminated
from
the
race
From
Season
12
onward
the
penalty
for
finishing
last
in
a
non
elimination
leg
is
that
the
affected
team
will
have
to
perform
a
Speed
Bump
task
sometime
during
the
next
leg
Teams
would
be
alerted
to
the
upcoming
Speed
Bump
by
a
Route
Marker
clue
prior
to
it
while
the
Speed
Bump
itself
is
displayed
in
a
manner
similar
to
the
Yield
showing
the
affected
team
s
picture
at
a
stand
near
to
the
regular
Route
Marker
Once
the
team
completes
the
Speed
Bump
task
they
may
receive
the
next
clue
that
they
would
have
gotten
at
the
Route
Marker
or
they
may
have
to
backtrack
to
where
the
cluebox
was
initially
to
get
their
next
clue
depending
on
the
task
If
the
team
does
not
complete
the
Speed
Bump
they
will
receive
a
four
hour
penalty
at
the
pit
stop
In
early
US
seasons
clues
that
directed
teams
to
Pit
Stops
could
be
used
to
infer
if
that
leg
was
a
non
elimination
leg
the
normal
language
that
ended
each
Pit
Stop
clue
The
last
team
to
check
in
will
be
eliminated
was
replaced
with
may
be
eliminated
In
later
seasons
of
the
Race
may
was
used
in
all
legs
except
the
first
leg
Since
Season
15
most
clues
leading
to
the
Pit
Stop
have
used
the
term
may
be
eliminated
including
the
first
leg
as
the
first
leg
in
Season
15
was
a
non
elimination
leg
Occasionally
the
second
to
last
leg
may
use
the
term
will
be
eliminated
when
there
are
no
more
non
elimination
legs
left
in
the
Race
before
reaching
the
Finish
Line
If
there
is
a
double
elimination
leg
the
term
will
be
eliminated
will
be
used
since
teams
are
notified
in
their
first
clue
that
the
leg
will
be
double
elimination
Non
elimination
legs
give
trailing
teams
an
incentive
to
stay
competitive
since
there
is
a
chance
they
might
not
be
eliminated
they
will
continue
to
complete
tasks
and
get
to
the
Pit
Stop
as
quickly
as
possible
to
keep
from
falling
further
behind
No
break
legsIn
the
Unfinished
Business
season
U
S
season
18
racers
encountered
a
new
type
of
non
elimination
leg
twice
Prior
to
arriving
at
the
Pit
Stop
mat
teams
were
told
simply
to
head
to
the
Pit
Stop
When
the
first
team
arrived
they
were
given
a
prize
for
completing
the
leg
first
but
Phil
told
them
that
they
had
to
keep
racing
In
addition
the
team
or
teams
in
last
place
would
not
be
shown
finishing
that
leg
until
the
following
episode
where
they
would
be
told
that
they
are
in
last
but
that
they
are
to
keep
racing
This
was
used
on
the
race
s
first
and
fourth
legs
It
shown
again
this
type
of
twist
in
the
nineteenth
edition
during
Leg
9
It
usually
happens
twice
each
race
Surprise
elimination
legs
Double
elimination
legsThere
have
been
two
surprise
eliminations
outside
of
the
Leg
s
Pit
Stop
in
the
Amazing
Race
s
broadcast
history
The
first
occurred
in
season
10
where
the
last
team
to
check
in
at
designated
midpoint
in
the
first
leg
was
eliminated
This
leg
also
featured
a
regular
elimination
at
the
Pit
Stop
Season
15
featured
another
surprise
elimination
in
its
first
Leg
where
only
11
sets
of
tickets
were
available
to
the
first
destination
city
and
the
Race
began
with
twelve
teams
After
eleven
teams
completed
the
task
at
the
starting
line
and
received
tickets
the
last
team
remaining
was
eliminated
at
the
Pit
Stop
later
the
last
team
was
not
eliminated
Season
19
featured
the
first
true
double
elimination
leg
in
the
second
leg
where
two
teams
were
eliminated
at
the
same
time
at
the
Pit
Stop
Final
legThe
final
leg
of
the
race
is
run
by
the
three
remaining
teams
In
earlier
US
seasons
the
leg
was
a
non
elimination
or
double
length
leg
with
an
intermediate
destination
in
or
near
the
host
country
such
as
Hawaii
Alaska
or
Canada
for
the
US
version
or
South
East
Asia
or
the
Pacific
Islands
for
the
Australian
version
prior
to
traveling
to
the
final
city
back
in
the
host
country
However
in
more
recent
Races
final
legs
have
been
single
legs
whereby
teams
are
flown
directly
from
the
final
foreign
country
to
the
final
city
in
the
host
country
Teams
still
must
complete
all
tasks
in
the
final
city
before
they
are
directed
to
the
finish
mat
At
the
check
in
mat
the
host
and
the
other
eliminated
teams
celebrate
the
arrival
of
the
teams
Generally
all
three
teams
are
allowed
to
arrive
In
rare
cases
a
trailing
team
may
be
so
far
behind
and
outside
the
final
city
that
they
are
given
a
clue
at
their
next
Route
Marker
that
informs
them
of
the
Race
results
To
date
this
has
only
happened
twice
in
the
US
version
occurring
in
Seasons
1
and
4
Rules
and
penaltiesAll
teams
must
abide
by
the
rules
set
at
the
beginning
of
the
race
Failure
to
do
so
can
result
in
time
penalties
which
can
negatively
affect
finishing
position
in
that
leg
of
the
race
In
a
non
elimination
leg
if
the
last
team
to
arrive
at
the
mat
is
checked
in
before
a
previous
team
has
completed
its
penalty
then
the
remainder
of
the
penalty
time
will
be
waited
out
at
the
start
of
the
next
leg
of
the
race
beginning
at
the
departure
time
of
the
next
to
last
team
While
the
complete
set
of
official
rules
has
not
been
released
to
the
public
certain
rules
have
been
revealed
during
the
various
editions
of
the
race
RulesUnless
otherwise
stated
such
as
during
Roadblocks
team
members
must
stay
within
twenty
feet
of
each
other
and
stay
close
to
their
assigned
camera
and
sound
crew
When
using
any
form
of
transportation
unless
otherwise
stated
teams
must
be
able
to
travel
with
the
camera
crew
Teams
are
recorded
requesting
only
two
tickets
after
they
have
made
their
initial
request
for
four
19
Teams
are
required
to
purchase
economy
class
airfare
when
they
fly
using
the
credit
card
provided
by
the
show
20
21
Teams
may
ask
the
airlines
before
or
during
flight
to
upgrade
their
tickets
to
first
or
business
class
as
long
as
they
only
paid
the
economy
fare
22
Teams
may
use
their
cash
stipend
to
purchase
first
class
fares
for
other
modes
of
transportation
23
Teams
may
be
forbidden
from
flying
on
certain
airlines
or
restricted
to
specific
airlines
in
some
cases
Teams
are
forbidden
contact
with
friends
family
and
acquaintances
during
the
Race
though
the
Race
may
provide
them
with
an
opportunity
to
make
contact
at
select
times
24
Unless
otherwise
stated
by
the
clues
teams
are
allowed
to
use
the
help
of
locals
for
navigating
and
during
tasks
Teams
are
required
to
have
any
locals
who
appear
on
camera
sign
release
forms
that
legally
clear
the
footage
for
use
some
teams
have
avoided
or
reduced
contacts
with
random
local
strangers
because
the
release
process
can
take
a
very
long
time
to
complete
Teams
are
free
to
work
together
at
any
point
unless
otherwise
stated
by
the
rules
25
26
Excluding
the
use
of
the
Yield
and
U
Turn
teams
are
forbidden
from
hindering
the
performance
of
other
teams
such
as
by
taking
extra
clues
from
a
clue
box
taking
another
team
s
assigned
vehicle
or
altering
the
equipment
for
other
teams
at
a
task
Teams
are
forbidden
from
possessing
maps
guidebooks
cell
phones
personal
digital
assistants
and
other
similar
aids
at
the
start
of
the
Race
but
may
use
the
provided
money
to
purchase
these
as
they
progress
These
may
be
provided
by
the
show
if
required
for
a
certain
task
27
Teams
are
not
allowed
to
use
their
personal
items
to
barter
for
services
on
the
race
though
they
are
not
necessarily
forbidden
from
selling
them
for
cash
The
teams
bags
may
be
subject
to
review
during
Pit
Stops
by
production
Teams
are
free
to
sell
or
barter
any
items
they
have
purchased
during
the
course
of
the
race
In
cases
where
teams
are
instructed
to
walk
or
drive
themselves
to
a
destination
teams
are
not
allowed
to
hire
a
taxi
to
guide
or
take
them
through
the
route
In
early
seasons
of
the
American
series
teams
frequently
employed
this
tactic
several
exchanges
of
dialogue
in
Season
17
indicate
that
this
is
now
forbidden
Teams
are
expected
to
keep
the
Race
fanny
pack
containing
their
cash
passports
clues
and
other
documents
with
them
at
all
times
Teams
that
do
not
have
these
upon
check
in
at
a
Pit
Stop
are
required
to
go
back
and
retrieve
the
pack
and
any
missing
mandatory
contents
e
g
passports
before
being
checked
in
Teams
may
check
in
after
losing
or
abandoning
any
non
mandatory
items
e
g
items
of
clothing
but
they
must
continue
the
race
without
them
Teams
must
complete
each
challenge
as
specified
by
the
clues
given
to
them
throughout
the
Race
Should
a
team
fail
to
properly
complete
a
challenge
violate
any
provisions
made
in
a
clue
or
task
description
or
miss
a
clue
altogether
unless
specifically
allowed
to
do
so
e
g
by
winning
the
Fast
Forward
or
by
using
an
Express
Pass
they
must
either
go
back
to
the
location
of
the
challenge
and
complete
the
challenge
or
incur
a
penalty
when
they
check
in
see
Penalties
and
time
credits
below
Teams
are
prohibited
from
begging
where
it
is
illegal
On
the
U
S
version
teams
are
additionally
prohibited
from
begging
at
US
airports
Racers
may
not
smoke
on
the
Race
Teams
are
required
to
abide
by
all
local
laws
of
the
country
in
which
they
are
racing
The
teams
are
often
given
additional
rules
and
instructions
that
apply
specifically
to
a
given
leg
or
to
a
task
supplied
with
one
of
the
clues
these
are
usually
not
explained
to
the
viewer
unless
they
affect
the
Race
results
Penalties
and
time
creditsIf
the
infraction
can
be
corrected
Phil
would
usually
ask
the
team
to
go
back
and
correct
the
mistake
before
checking
them
in
at
the
pit
stop
If
not
the
standard
penalty
for
rule
infractions
is
normally
30
minutes
plus
the
time
gained
if
any
by
breaking
the
rule
Other
penalty
times
include
but
are
not
limited
to
two
hours
for
bartering
goods
for
services
up
to
four
hours
for
not
completing
any
or
all
parts
of
a
miscellaneous
task
four
hours
for
not
completing
a
Roadblock
or
a
Speed
Bump
and
twenty
four
hours
for
flying
outside
of
economy
class
unless
the
upgrade
is
complimentary
on
top
of
the
economy
class
fare
paid
28
Earlier
seasons
of
the
Race
enforced
a
24
hour
penalty
for
not
completing
either
Detour
option
but
this
was
subsequently
reduced
to
six
hours
at
some
point
for
later
seasons
first
used
in
The
Amazing
Race
17
1
29
Penalty
times
are
cumulative
If
a
player
is
unable
to
complete
the
Roadblock
the
team
is
assessed
a
four
hour
penalty
starting
from
the
time
of
the
arrival
of
the
next
team
at
the
Roadblock
after
which
they
are
given
their
next
clue
to
proceed
30
unless
they
are
the
last
team
in
which
case
their
four
hour
penalty
begins
the
moment
that
team
gave
up
on
the
Roadblock
If
the
penalty
is
known
before
the
racers
arrive
at
the
check
in
mat
they
are
forced
to
wait
out
that
time
before
they
can
be
checked
in
if
they
happen
to
be
the
last
team
on
a
non
elimination
leg
they
will
be
checked
in
early
but
the
remaining
time
will
be
applied
at
the
start
of
the
next
leg
If
the
penalty
is
discovered
after
racers
arrive
and
does
not
affect
which
team
is
eliminated
it
is
applied
to
the
start
of
the
next
leg
with
the
viewers
given
verbal
notification
if
it
affects
the
departure
order
In
only
one
case
has
a
penalty
altered
who
would
be
eliminated
and
a
special
announcement
of
this
change
to
the
affected
teams
was
done
after
production
was
able
to
review
the
results
but
before
the
start
of
the
next
leg
Should
a
vehicle
including
cars
and
boats
break
down
through
no
fault
of
the
team
using
it
a
replacement
vehicle
is
provided
for
them
but
no
time
credit
is
given
for
their
wait
in
this
unlucky
situation
31
Teams
may
also
receive
time
credits
applied
to
the
next
leg
that
result
from
production
difficulties
These
are
only
revealed
to
the
viewer
if
they
affect
the
placement
at
the
start
of
the
next
leg
ProductionThe
production
of
The
Amazing
Race
is
a
challenge
due
to
its
premise
being
a
race
around
the
world
Among
the
difficult
duties
that
producers
face
scoping
out
locations
designing
tasks
selecting
teams
and
planning
logistics
for
the
entire
course
are
the
most
important
to
accomplish
in
pre
production
During
the
Race
the
camera
crews
need
to
keep
up
with
the
movement
of
the
teams
and
the
host
And
when
the
footage
for
the
entire
season
has
been
recorded
and
edited
team
members
production
crew
as
well
as
the
local
staff
who
hosted
or
facilitated
the
tasks
are
obliged
to
keep
the
details
of
the
race
confidential
and
not
leak
out
anything
that
hints
at
locations
events
or
outcomes
of
the
Race
A
small
exception
is
the
television
network
that
airs
the
show
in
a
country
which
hosted
one
of
the
legs
where
they
can
air
teasers
such
as
Who
among
the
teams
will
come
here
to
the
network
s
home
country
name
citation
needed
However
in
recent
American
seasons
CBS
has
released
a
map
to
show
the
locations
that
the
racers
would
be
visiting
The
show
is
broadcast
on
CBS
in
the
United
States
It
is
simulcast
via
satellite
in
various
networks
around
the
world
Through
its
efforts
the
American
version
has
received
many
accolades
including
Primetime
Emmy
Awards
and
nominations
in
categories
for
audio
and
video
production
and
editing
In
2010
CBS
announced
that
the
18th
season
of
the
show
would
be
broadcast
in
high
definition
32
Season
19
debuted
September
25
2011
and
the
20th
edition
will
premiere
February
19
2012
33
The
Amazing
Race
around
the
worldCountries
and
areas
with
their
own
version
of
The
Amazing
RaceThe
Amazing
Race
US
The
Amazing
Race
AsiaThe
Amazing
Race
A
Corrida
Milion
riaHaMerotz
LaMillionThe
Amazing
Race
en
Discovery
ChannelThe
Amazing
Race
China
RushThe
Amazing
Race
AustraliaThe
Amazing
Race
NorgeThe
original
version
of
The
Amazing
Race
is
the
American
version
which
debuted
on
CBS
in
September
2001
In
October
2005
CBS
optioned
The
Amazing
Race
for
franchising
to
other
countries
Buena
Vista
International
Television
Asia
Pacific
BVITV
AP
and
Sony
Pictures
Television
International
s
AXN
Asia
announced
an
Asian
edition
of
the
race
billed
as
The
Amazing
Race
Asia
that
same
month
34
Applications
ran
from
February
to
the
end
of
March
2006
35
Filming
began
in
June
Its
first
season
premiered
on
November
9
2006
and
concluded
on
February
1
2007
During
2005
AXN
Central
Europe
announced
a
version
of
the
show
to
be
called
The
Amazing
Race
Central
Europe
Applications
were
closed
with
the
submission
of
2
500
applicants
with
filming
expected
to
have
occurred
in
2006
and
broadcast
from
September
2006
36
The
show
has
yet
to
air
and
has
been
pulled
from
AXN
s
website
fueling
rumors
of
cancellation
In
addition
a
South
American
independent
production
company
announced
in
late
2006
that
it
would
be
producing
a
Brazilian
version
in
2007
to
be
called
The
Amazing
Race
A
Corrida
Milion
ria
and
to
be
aired
in
a
purchased
time
slot
in
the
Brazilian
network
RedeTV
Applications
were
open
from
January
until
July
and
filming
occurred
during
August
and
September
The
first
and
only
season
premiered
on
October
13
2007
and
concluded
on
January
5
2008
37
On
April
8
2008
Israeli
TV
network
Reshet
had
announced
plans
to
produce
the
local
version
of
the
show
known
as
HaMerotz
LaMillion
The
Race
to
the
Million
in
English
It
was
shot
worldwide
and
premiered
on
February
5
2009
38
Second
season
will
premiere
on
October
25
2011
On
October
15
2008
a
Latin
American
version
of
the
show
was
announced
by
the
Discovery
Channel
Latin
America
in
association
with
Disney
The
show
s
first
season
was
filmed
in
early
2009
and
broadcast
late
in
that
year
across
Latin
America
and
the
Caribbean
and
the
second
season
aired
in
late
2010
In
January
2011
it
was
announced
that
Space
aqcuired
the
rights
to
produce
the
third
season
of
The
Amazing
Race
Latin
America
39
The
fourth
season
of
The
Amazing
Race
Latinoam
rica
will
also
air
in
Space
on
September
2012
but
only
with
Brazilian
teams
Harris
Whitbeck
will
be
replaced
by
a
Brazilian
host
40
On
March
2010
a
Chinese
version
of
the
show
was
announced
by
the
Disney
ABC
International
Television
Asia
Pacific
The
show
was
produced
by
Shanghai
based
international
production
company
Fly
Films
41
the
company
had
previously
produced
Shanghai
Rush
in
2009
a
showed
heavily
influenced
by
The
Amazing
Race
The
first
series
was
filmed
in
March
April
2010
and
broadcast
in
August
2010
by
International
Channel
of
Shanghai
42
In
mid
2010
it
was
announced
that
Australia
would
be
producing
its
own
version
In
November
2010
New
Zealand
born
actor
Grant
Bowler
was
announced
as
its
host
On
October
2011
a
Norwegian
version
of
the
show
was
announced
by
TV
2
Applications
will
be
opened
from
October
11
2011
to
October
31
2011
Filming
will
take
place
in
January
2012
43
Football
player
Freddy
dos
Santos
will
be
hosting
Amazing
Race
Norge
44
On
March
26
2011
it
was
announced
that
TV
5
had
acquired
the
rights
to
produce
a
Filipino
version
of
the
race
45
On
December
2011
it
was
confirmed
on
The
Philippine
Star
that
the
race
will
air
on
2012
46
Local
nameRegion
of
originYearsNetworkHostSeasonsairedCountriesvisitedGrand
prizeThe
Amazing
RaceUnited
States2001
presentCBSPhil
Keoghan1980US
1
000
000The
Amazing
Race
AsiaAsia2006
2010
TBAAXN
AsiaAllan
Wu420US
100
000The
Amazing
Race
A
Corrida
Milion
ria
English
The
Million
Dollar
Race
Brazil2007
2008RedeTV
Rony
Curvelo12R
500
000HaMerotz
LaMillion
English
The
Race
to
the
Million
Israel2009
PresentChannel
2
ReshetRaz
Meirman
Season
1
Ron
Shahar
Season
2
215
1
000
000The
Amazing
Race
en
Discovery
ChannelThe
Amazing
Race
Latinoam
ricaLatin
America2009
presentDiscovery
Channel
Disney
Channel
2009
2010
Space
Disney
Channel
2011
Harris
Whitbeck314US
250
000The
Amazing
Race
China
RushChina2010
presentICS
2010
present
Dragon
TV
2011
present
SMGAllan
Wu21A
World
TourThe
Amazing
Race
AustraliaAustralia2011
presentSeven
NetworkGrant
Bowler111A
250
000The
Amazing
Race
NorgeNorway2012TV
2Freddy
dos
SantosTBATBATBAThe
Amazing
Race
PhilippinesPhilippines2012TV
5Paolo
BedionesTBATBATBA
Video
gameA
video
game
based
on
this
reality
show
was
developed
by
Ludia
for
the
Wii
It
was
released
on
November
2
2010
in
North
America
47
The
game
features
many
locations
previously
visited
on
real
races
as
well
as
some
new
ones
like
Canada
and
Venezuela
Host
Phil
Keoghan
provided
voice
acting
throughout
the
entire
game
Players
get
to
customize
their
own
characters
and
can
race
against
other
pre
made
characters
These
existing
teams
are
showcased
in
the
opening
which
closely
mirrors
the
actual
show
s
opening
including
the
use
of
the
same
music
However
when
playing
the
actual
game
no
one
not
even
the
player
is
referred
to
by
name
Instead
teams
are
differentiated
by
color
ex
team
yellow
The
rules
of
the
race
are
fairly
similar
to
the
actual
race
Teams
receive
money
fly
to
a
location
and
complete
various
tasks
The
last
team
to
arrive
is
eliminated
unless
they
are
saved
by
a
non
elimination
leg
in
which
the
penalty
is
the
team
loses
all
their
money
they
saved
up
to
that
point
unlike
the
show
during
seasons
5
9
the
teams
are
still
given
money
at
the
start
of
the
next
leg
However
teams
all
leave
the
Pit
Stop
at
the
same
time
The
tasks
are
represented
by
a
large
collection
of
minigames
Some
of
the
clues
had
changes
to
their
rules
The
Detour
and
Roadblock
retain
their
rules
although
there
is
no
limit
on
individual
Roadblocks
Fast
Forwards
appear
in
the
race
but
they
are
not
optional
Instead
the
team
that
completes
it
fastest
gets
a
2
hour
time
credit
Also
featured
alongside
the
Detour
and
Roadblock
is
the
Intersection
However
the
Intersection
s
rules
are
drastically
different
It
is
a
task
that
all
teams
complete
similar
to
an
additional
task
on
the
real
race
The
Yield
U
Turn
Speed
Bump
and
Express
Pass
are
not
featured
in
this
game
As
an
added
bonus
completing
various
tasks
and
doing
certain
objectives
in
the
game
will
unlock
video
files
These
are
selected
clips
from
the
actual
American
TV
show
They
are
mostly
extremely
dramatic
moments
such
as
when
Uchenna
amp
Joyce
couldn
t
pay
their
taxi
driver
at
the
final
Pit
Stop
and
Chris
amp
Alex
making
the
closest
finish
in
Amazing
Race
or
funny
moments
such
as
when
Fran
amp
Barry
kept
walking
past
a
clue
that
was
within
arm
s
length
The
clips
appear
exactly
as
they
did
on
TV
except
that
all
logos
are
pixelated
even
those
that
went
uncensored
on
TV
Clips
from
seasons
1
to
15
are
included
Ludia
also
made
one
for
the
iPhone
iPod
touch
and
iPad
that
is
similar
to
the
Wii
version
48
See
alsoCity
ChaseExpedition
ImpossibleLost
reality
TV
series
Peking
ExpressShanghai
Rush
References
a
b
Holmes
Linda
2010
11
29
Quitters
Never
Win
Except
On
The
New
Wimp
Friendly
Amazing
Race
NPR
http
www
npr
org
blogs
monkeysee
2010
11
29
131669677
quitters
never
win
except
on
the
new
wimp
friendly
amazing
race
ft
1
amp
f
93568166
Retrieved
2010
11
29
Lilley
Jason
Girly
Stuff
dead
link
TashiTagg
2004
Retrieved
on
January
15
2007
The
Amazing
Race
5
FAQ
dead
link
Cottingham
Dave
2004
04
13
Everything
you
wanted
to
know
about
TAR
but
were
afraid
to
ask
Fans
of
Reality
TV
Forums
http
www
fansofrealitytv
com
forums
amazing
race
19
12541
everything
you
wanted
know
about
amazing
race
but
were
afraid
ask
54
html
post800214
Retrieved
2010
04
02
To
avoid
issues
related
to
the
connotations
of
the
former
flag
of
South
Vietnam
the
Markers
were
changed
to
solid
yellow
the
first
time
the
Race
visited
the
country
and
then
the
colors
of
the
original
Season
1
Route
Markers
yellow
and
white
the
last
two
times
that
the
Race
has
visited
that
country
The
Route
Markers
used
on
the
Family
Edition
were
yellow
white
and
black
The
Route
Markers
used
on
The
Amazing
Race
A
Corrida
Milion
ria
were
yellow
and
green
However
this
color
was
used
for
the
Vietnam
leg
in
The
Amazing
Race
Australia
The
Route
Markers
used
on
The
Amazing
Race
en
Discovery
Channel
were
black
and
blue
I
m
Not
His
Wife
He
Doesn
t
Need
to
Scream
at
Me
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2004
11
23
No
2
season
6
dead
link
Oh
My
God
The
Teletubbies
Go
To
War
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
No
12
season
11
Amazing
Race
s
Caite
and
Brent
Carol
and
Brandy
Were
Complete
Bitches
dead
link
TV
Guide
May
12
2010
BJ
amp
Tyler
Interview
Reality
TV
Podcast
53
June
7th
2006
Reality
TV
Podcast
2006
06
07
http
www
rffradio
com
archives
110
Retrieved
2008
02
12
Denhart
Andy
2004
10
01
Linda
and
Karen
Threw
Their
Yield
Away
Reality
Blurred
http
www
realityblurred
com
realitytv
archives
the
amazing
race
5
2004
Oct
01
linda
karen
Retrieved
2007
01
16
Rocchio
Christopher
2008
01
23
Exclusive
Donald
Jerousek
Nicolas
Fulks
dish
on
The
Amazing
Race
Reality
TV
World
http
www
realitytvworld
com
news
exclusive
donald
jerousek
nicolas
fulks
dish
on
the
amazing
race
6440
php
Retrieved
2008
01
23
Gorman
Bill
2011
08
31
CBS
Announces
The
Cast
For
The
New
Season
Of
The
Amazing
Race
Premiering
Sunday
Sept
25
TV
By
The
Numbers
http
tvbythenumbers
zap2it
com
2011
08
31
cbs
announces
the
cast
for
the
new
season
of
the
amazing
race
premiering
sunday
sept
25
101916
Retrieved
2011
09
01
The
Amazing
Race
Phil
Reveals
New
Penalty
YouTube
2011
08
31
http
www
youtube
com
watch
v
S
aP3uuhtGs
Retrieved
2011
09
11
Jih
Victor
2009
11
06
The
Amazing
Race
15
Episode
7
Victor
Jih
s
Top
10
Moments
Reality
Wanted
http
www
realitywanted
com
newsitem
2596
the
amazing
race
15
episode
7
victor
jihs
top
10
moments
Retrieved
2009
11
17
Crumbaugh
Aaron
2005
03
24
Hayden
amp
Aaron
TAR
6
Television
Without
Pity
Forums
http
forums
televisionwithoutpity
com
index
php
showtopic
3120482
amp
st
750
amp
p
2697047
amp
entry2697047
Retrieved
2008
02
12
TAR
FAQ
Basic
Rules
Are
teammates
ever
allowed
to
separate
Retrieved
on
January
15
2007
The
Amazing
Race
FAQ
Basic
Rules
OK
I
m
confused
about
the
rules
for
booking
airplane
tickets
Retrieved
on
January
15
2007
Goldman
Eric
2007
11
15
Amazing
Race
Interview
Kate
amp
Pat
IGN
com
http
tv
ign
com
articles
835
835618p1
html
Retrieved
2008
02
09
Nguyen
Hanh
2010
05
10
The
Amazing
Race
Did
brothers
Dan
and
Jordan
cheat
Zap2It
http
blog
zap2it
com
frominsidethebox
2010
05
the
amazing
race
did
brothers
dan
and
jordan
cheat
html
Retrieved
2010
05
10
I
Feel
Like
I
m
In
the
Circus
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2011
10
23
No
5
season
19
Retrieved
on
2011
12
12
Why
Did
You
Have
to
Take
Your
Pants
Off
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2002
12
04
No
9
season
3
We
re
Getting
Out
of
the
Country
Girls
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2005
10
25
No
5
season
8
dead
link
The
Devil
Made
Me
Do
It
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2005
05
03
No
11
season
7
dead
link
TAR
FAQ
Basic
Rules
What
sorts
of
items
are
the
teams
not
allowed
to
bring
Retrieved
on
January
15
2007
Rocchio
Christopher
2007
12
10
INTERVIEW
The
Amazing
Race
s
Azaria
and
Hendekea
Azene
dish
Reality
TV
World
http
www
realitytvworld
com
news
interview
the
amazing
race
azaria
and
hendekea
azene
dish
6237
php
Retrieved
2007
12
11
The
Unexpected
Twist
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2001
11
14
No
9
season
1
Archived
from
the
original
on
2007
12
14
Do
You
Need
Some
Mouth
to
Mouth
Resuscitation
The
Amazing
Race
CBS
2005
03
15
No
3
season
7
dead
link
TAR
FAQ
Basic
Rules
What
happens
if
a
team
s
car
breaks
down
Retrieved
on
January
17
2007
THE
AMAZING
RACE
Will
Travel
The
Globe
in
HD
This
Spring
Press
Release
Press
release
Eyeoncbs
com
http
www
eyeoncbs
com
main
content
viewText
jsp
id
56393
Retrieved
2011
05
11
dead
link
CBS
Orders
20th
Season
of
Amazing
Race
tvguide
com
http
www
tvguide
com
News
Amazing
Race
20
1034287
aspx
Retrieved
2011
06
16
The
Amazing
Race
Format
makes
a
pit
stop
in
ASIA
PACIFIC
Thailand
4
News
and
Press
Releases
http
www
thailand4
com
entertainment
the
amazing
race
format
makes
a
pit
stop
in
asia
pacific
html
Retrieved
2006
The
Amazing
Race
Asia
http
www
axnasia
com
buzzsites
the
amazing
race
asia
Retrieved
2006
dead
link
The
Amazing
Race
Central
Europe
in
Bulgarian
2005
10
26
http
www
obektiv
info
index
php
article
415
amp
cat
9
Retrieved
2008
10
11
The
Amazing
Race
A
Corrida
Milion
ria
official
website
portuguese
http
www
acorridamilionaria
com
br
Retrieved
2007
dead
link
The
Amazing
Race
Heads
to
Israel
Archived
from
the
original
on
April
22
2008
http
web
archive
org
web
20080422020911
http
www
worldscreen
com
newscurrent
php
filename
disneyabc040808
htm
Retrieved
2008
04
09
Disney
y
Turner
producir
n
The
Amazing
Race
para
A
Latina
http
www
totalmedios
com
nota
10819
contactenos
php
Retrieved
2011
01
26
Reality
show
The
Amazing
Race
ter
edi
o
s
com
participantes
do
Brasil
http
g1
globo
com
pop
arte
noticia
2012
02
reality
show
amazing
race
tera
edicao
so
com
participantes
do
brasil
html
Retrieved
2012
02
16
FlyFilms
http
www
flyfilms
com
cn
Index
dead
link
Amazing
Race
Heads
into
China
http
www
c21media
net
news
detail
asp
area
74
amp
article
54654
Retrieved
2010
03
18
Du
kan
bli
med
p
en
eventyrlig
reise
http
www
tv2
no
underholdning
front
du
kan
bli
med
paa
en
eventyrlig
reise
3567934
html
Retrieved
2011
10
12
Freddy
dos
Santos
leder
Norges
st
rste
realitysatsing
http
www
kjendis
no
2011
10
14
kjendis
reality
tv
freddy
dos
santos
fotball
the
amazing
race
18605560
Retrieved
2011
10
23
http
lionheartv
blogspot
com
2011
03
amazing
race
pinoy
edition
nakuha
ng
html
http
forum
realityfanforum
com
index
php
topic
25046
0
html
Lee
Justin
2010
08
17
Ubisoft
Announces
The
Amazing
Race
for
the
Nintendo
Wii
Game
Tactics
http
www
gametactics
com
2010
08
ubisoft
announces
the
amazing
race
for
the
nintendo
wii
Retrieved
2010
08
19
Powell
John
2011
02
17
Amazing
Race
game
fun
for
fans
G4TV
Canada
http
www
g4tv
ca
technews
JP
JP
20110217
amazingrace
shtml
Retrieved
2011
04
18
http
en
wikipedia
org
wiki
List
of
programs
broadcast
by
TV5
Upcoming
shows
External
linksWikimedia
Commons
has
media
related
to
The
Amazing
RaceOfficial
USA
websitesSeasons
1
2
3
4
5Seasons
6
7
8
9
10Seasons
11
12
dead
link
13
14
15
16Official
The
Amazing
Race
Asia
websiteOfficial
The
Amazing
Race
A
Corrida
Milion
ria
website
dead
link
Portuguese
Official
The
Amazing
Race
en
Discovery
Channel
website
Spanish
The
Amazing
Race
on
The
Amazing
Race
Wiki
an
external
wiki
1
vdeThe
Amazing
RaceOriginal
U
S
versionSeasons1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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Bertram
van
Munster
Elise
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ContestantsInternational
versionsSeasonsAsia
1
2
3
4
Australia
1
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China
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2
3
Israel
1
2
Latin
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1
2
3
4
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contestants
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Bowler
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contestants
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1972
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or
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1977
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1980
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1980
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1981
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1982
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1982
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1984
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1986
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1994
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whitney houston laid to rest
LEER
meek
From
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the
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encyclopedia
Redirected
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Meek
Jump
to
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searchFor
other
uses
see
Meek
disambiguation
Meekness
is
roughly
equivalent
in
common
usage
to
humility
1
It
is
one
of
the
Seven
virtues
in
Christian
tradition
2
A
well
known
phrase
from
the
Bible
states
Blessed
are
the
meek
for
they
shall
inherit
the
earth
found
in
Matthew
5
5
of
the
Beatitudes
References
Matthew
1806
A
Discourse
Concerning
Meekness
Hilliard
Bobbio
Norberto
2000
In
praise
of
meekness
Essays
on
ethics
and
politics
Wiley
Blackwell
ISBN
9780745623092This
Christianity
related
article
is
a
stub
You
can
help
Wikipedia
by
expanding
it
vdeRetrieved
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w
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Categories
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ash wednesday
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wednesday
Jump
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other
uses
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Ash
Wednesday
disambiguation
Ash
WednesdayA
cross
of
ashes
on
a
worshipper
s
forehead
on
Ash
WednesdayObserved
byFollowers
of
many
Christian
denominations
primarily
Western
Christian
see
below
TypeChristianDateWednesday
in
seventh
week
before
Easter2012
dateFebruary
222013
dateFebruary
13ObservancesService
of
worship
or
MassMarking
of
an
ash
cross
on
the
foreheadRelated
toShrove
Tuesday
Mardi
GrasLentEasterLiturgical
yearWesternAdventChristmastideEpiphanyPre
LentLentEaster
TriduumEastertideAscensiontidePentecostOrdinary
TimeEasternFeast
of
CrossNativity
FastNativityTheophanyGreat
LentPaschaPentecostApostles
FastGreat
FeastsTransfigurationDormitionProtectionAsh
Wednesday
in
the
calendar
of
Western
Christianity
is
the
first
day
of
Lent
and
occurs
46
days
before
Easter
It
is
a
moveable
fast
falling
on
a
different
date
each
year
because
it
is
dependent
on
the
date
of
Easter
It
can
occur
as
early
as
February
4
or
as
late
as
March
10
According
to
the
canonical
gospels
of
Matthew
Mark
and
Luke
Jesus
spent
forty
days
fasting
in
the
desert
before
the
beginning
of
his
public
ministry
during
which
he
endured
temptation
by
Satan
1
2
Ash
Wednesday
marks
the
beginning
of
this
forty
day
liturgical
period
of
prayer
and
fasting
Ash
Wednesday
derives
its
name
from
the
practise
of
placing
ashes
on
the
foreheads
of
adherents
as
a
sign
of
mourning
and
repentance
to
God
The
ashes
used
are
typically
gathered
after
the
palms
from
the
previous
year
s
Palm
Sunday
are
burned
on
the
day
before
3
This
practice
is
common
in
much
of
Christendom
being
celebrated
by
Catholics
Anglicans
Lutherans
Methodists
Presbyterians
and
some
Baptist
denominations
4
5
Contents1
Ritual2
Biblical
significance3
Dates4
Observing
denominations5
National
No
Smoking
Day6
See
also7
References8
External
links
RitualAt
Masses
and
services
of
worship
on
this
day
ashes
are
imposed
on
the
foreheads
of
the
faithful
or
on
the
tonsure
spots
in
the
case
of
some
clergy
The
priest
minister
or
in
some
cases
officiating
layperson
marks
the
forehead
of
each
participant
with
black
ashes
which
the
worshipper
traditionally
retains
until
it
wears
off
In
some
countries
the
ashes
are
placed
in
the
shape
of
a
cross
in
others
for
example
Ireland
there
is
no
particular
shape
to
the
ash
mark
The
act
echoes
the
ancient
Near
Eastern
tradition
of
throwing
ashes
over
one
s
head
to
signify
repentance
before
God
as
related
in
the
Bible
The
priest
or
minister
says
one
or
both
of
the
following
when
applying
the
ashes
Remember
that
thou
art
dust
and
to
dust
thou
shalt
return
Genesis
3
19Turn
away
from
sin
and
be
faithful
to
the
Gospel
Mark
1
15The
imposition
of
ashes
on
Ash
WednesdayAshes
may
also
be
sprinkled
on
the
top
of
the
head
as
shown
in
this
1881
Polish
painting
The
liturgical
imposition
of
ashes
on
Ash
Wednesday
is
a
sacramental
not
a
sacrament
and
in
the
Catholic
understanding
of
the
term
the
ashes
themselves
are
also
a
sacramental
The
ashes
are
blessed
according
to
various
rites
proper
to
each
liturgical
tradition
sometimes
involving
the
use
of
Holy
Water
In
some
churches
they
are
mixed
with
a
small
amount
of
water
6
or
olive
oil
7
which
serve
as
a
fixative
In
most
liturgies
for
Ash
Wednesday
the
Penitential
psalms
are
read
Psalm
51
LXX
Psalm
50
is
especially
associated
with
this
day
8
The
service
also
often
includes
a
corporate
confession
rite
In
some
of
the
low
church
traditions
other
practices
are
sometimes
added
or
substituted
as
other
ways
of
symbolizing
the
confession
and
penitence
of
the
day
For
example
in
one
common
variation
small
cards
are
distributed
to
the
congregation
on
which
people
are
invited
to
write
a
sin
they
wish
to
confess
These
small
cards
are
brought
forth
to
the
altar
table
where
they
are
burned
9
In
the
Catholic
Church
ashes
being
sacramentals
may
be
given
to
anyone
who
wishes
to
receive
them
10
11
as
opposed
to
Catholic
sacraments
which
are
generally
reserved
for
church
members
except
in
cases
of
grave
necessity
12
13
Similarly
in
other
Christian
denominations
ashes
may
be
received
by
all
who
profess
the
Christian
faith
and
are
baptized
14
In
the
Catholic
Church
Ash
Wednesday
is
observed
by
fasting
abstinence
from
meat
and
repentance
a
day
of
contemplating
one
s
transgressions
The
Anglican
Book
of
Common
Prayer
also
designates
Ash
Wednesday
as
a
day
of
fasting
In
the
medieval
period
Ash
Wednesday
was
the
required
annual
day
of
penitential
confession
occurring
after
fasting
and
the
remittance
of
the
tithe
In
other
Christian
denominations
these
practices
are
optional
with
the
main
focus
being
on
repentance
On
Ash
Wednesday
and
Good
Friday
Catholics
between
the
ages
of
18
and
59
whose
health
enables
them
to
do
so
are
permitted
to
consume
only
one
full
meal
which
may
be
supplemented
by
two
smaller
meals
which
together
should
not
equal
the
full
meal
Some
Catholics
will
go
beyond
the
minimum
obligations
demanded
by
the
Church
and
undertake
a
complete
fast
or
a
bread
and
water
fast
Ash
Wednesday
and
Good
Friday
are
also
days
of
abstinence
from
meat
mammals
and
fowl
as
are
all
Fridays
during
Lent
15
Some
Catholics
continue
fasting
beyond
Lent
citation
needed
as
was
the
Church
s
traditional
requirement
16
concluding
only
after
the
celebration
of
the
Easter
Vigil
As
the
first
day
of
Lent
Ash
Wednesday
comes
the
day
after
Shrove
Tuesday
or
Mardi
Gras
Fat
Tuesday
the
last
day
of
the
Carnival
season
Biblical
significance
Ash
Wednesday
by
Carl
Spitzweg
the
end
of
Carnival
Ash
Wednesday
is
a
day
of
repentance
and
it
marks
the
beginning
of
Lent
Ashes
were
used
in
ancient
times
according
to
the
Bible
to
express
mourning
Dusting
oneself
with
ashes
was
the
penitent
s
way
of
expressing
sorrow
for
sins
and
faults
An
ancient
example
of
one
expressing
one
s
penitence
is
found
in
Job
42
3
6
Job
says
to
God
I
have
heard
of
thee
by
the
hearing
of
the
ear
but
now
mine
eye
seeth
thee
The
other
eye
wandereth
of
its
own
accord
Wherefore
I
abhor
myself
and
repent
in
dust
and
ashes
vv
5
6
KJV
The
prophet
Jeremiah
for
example
calls
for
repentance
this
way
O
daughter
of
my
people
gird
on
sackcloth
roll
in
the
ashes
Jer
6
26
The
prophet
Daniel
pleaded
for
God
this
way
I
turned
to
the
Lord
God
pleading
in
earnest
prayer
with
fasting
sackcloth
and
ashes
Daniel
9
3
Just
prior
to
the
New
Testament
period
the
rebels
fighting
for
Jewish
independence
the
Maccabees
prepared
for
battle
using
ashes
That
day
they
fasted
and
wore
sackcloth
they
sprinkled
ashes
on
their
heads
and
tore
their
clothes
1
Maccabees
3
47
see
also
4
39
Other
examples
are
found
in
several
other
books
of
the
Bible
including
Numbers
19
9
19
17
Jonah
3
6
Matthew
11
21
and
Luke
10
13
and
Hebrews
9
13
Ezekiel
9
also
speaks
of
a
linen
clad
messenger
marking
the
forehead
of
the
city
inhabitants
that
have
sorrow
over
the
sins
of
the
people
All
those
without
the
mark
are
destroyed
It
marks
the
start
of
a
43
day
period
which
is
an
allusion
to
the
separation
of
Jesus
in
the
desert
to
fast
and
pray
During
this
time
he
was
tempted
Matthew
4
1
11
Mark
1
12
13
and
Luke
4
1
13
17
While
not
specifically
instituted
in
the
Bible
text
the
40
day
period
of
repentance
is
also
analogous
to
the
40
days
during
which
Moses
repented
and
fasted
in
response
to
the
making
of
the
Golden
calf
Jews
today
follow
a
40
day
period
of
repenting
during
the
High
Holy
Days
from
Rosh
Chodesh
Elul
to
Yom
Kippur
In
Victorian
England
theatres
refrained
from
presenting
costumed
shows
on
Ash
Wednesday
so
they
provided
other
entertainments
citation
needed
DatesAsh
Wednesday
is
a
moveable
fast
occurring
46
days
before
Easter
It
fell
on
February
17
in
2010
and
on
March
9
in
2011
In
future
years
Ash
Wednesday
will
occur
on
these
dates
2012
February
222013
February
132014
March
52015
February
182016
February
102017
March
12018
February
142019
March
62020
February
262021
February
172022
March
22023
February
22The
earliest
date
Ash
Wednesday
can
occur
is
February
4
in
a
common
year
with
Easter
on
March
22
which
happened
in
1573
1668
1761
and
1818
and
will
next
occur
in
2285
The
latest
date
is
March
10
when
Easter
Day
falls
on
April
25
which
occurred
in
1546
1641
1736
1886
and
1943
and
will
next
occur
in
2038
Ash
Wednesday
has
never
occurred
on
Leap
Year
Day
February
29
and
it
will
not
occur
as
such
until
2096
The
only
other
years
of
the
third
millennium
that
will
have
Ash
Wednesday
on
February
29
are
2468
2688
2840
and
2992
Ash
Wednesday
falls
on
February
29
only
if
Easter
is
on
April
15
in
a
leap
year
Observing
denominationsThese
Christian
denominations
are
among
those
that
mark
Ash
Wednesday
with
a
particular
liturgy
or
church
service
African
Methodist
Episcopal
ChurchAfrican
Methodist
Episcopal
Zion
ChurchAnglican
CommunionTraditional
Anglican
CommunionIndividual
Baptist
churches
may
hold
a
serviceRoman
Catholic
ChurchChristian
Methodist
Episcopal
ChurchSome
congregations
of
the
Church
of
the
NazareneChurch
of
North
IndiaChurch
of
God
Anderson
Church
of
South
IndiaSome
congregations
of
Community
of
ChristEcclesia
GnosticaSome
congregations
of
the
Evangelical
Covenant
ChurchSome
Free
Churches
e
g
Free
Methodist
Church
Liberal
Catholic
ChurchLutheran
ChurchSome
congregations
of
Mennonite
Church
USAMethodist
Church
in
IndiaMoravian
ChurchOld
Catholic
ChurchReformed
churches
Presbyterian
United
Church
of
Christ
Christian
Church
Disciples
of
Christ
etc
United
Methodist
ChurchWesleyan
ChurchThe
Eastern
Orthodox
Church
does
not
in
general
observe
Ash
Wednesday
instead
Orthodox
Great
Lent
begins
on
Clean
Monday
There
are
however
a
relatively
small
number
of
Orthodox
Christians
who
follow
the
Western
Rite
these
do
observe
Ash
Wednesday
although
often
on
a
different
day
from
the
previously
mentioned
denominations
as
its
date
is
determined
from
the
Orthodox
calculation
of
Pascha
which
may
be
as
much
as
a
month
later
than
the
Western
observance
of
Easter
National
No
Smoking
DayIn
the
Republic
of
Ireland
Ash
Wednesday
is
National
No
Smoking
Day
18
19
The
date
was
chosen
because
quitting
smoking
ties
in
with
giving
up
luxury
for
Lent
20
21
In
the
United
Kingdom
No
Smoking
Day
was
held
for
the
first
time
on
Ash
Wednesday
1984
22
but
is
now
fixed
as
the
second
Wednesday
in
March
23
See
alsoAsh
Wednesday
an
album
by
Elvis
Perkins
Ash
Wednesday
a
poem
by
T
S
EliotAsh
Wednesday
fires
a
series
of
bushfires
that
affected
south
eastern
Australia
in
1983Carnival
festival
ending
on
Ash
WednesdayHoly
Week
the
last
week
in
the
season
of
Lent
References
What
is
Lent
and
why
does
it
last
forty
days
The
United
Methodist
Church
http
archives
umc
org
interior
asp
ptid
1
amp
mid
2870
Retrieved
24
August
2007
The
Liturgical
Year
The
Anglican
Catholic
Church
http
www
anglicancatholic
org
dmas
litdescp
html
Retrieved
24
August
2007
Ellsworth
Kalas
Preaching
the
Calendar
Celebrating
Holidays
and
Holy
Days
Westminster
John
Knox
Press
http
books
google
com
books
id
QQpXwIt3ihAC
amp
pg
PA25
amp
dq
ash
wednesday
amp
hl
en
amp
ei
OdV2TfXYHcyArQH4oNCHCg
amp
sa
X
amp
oi
book
result
amp
ct
result
amp
resnum
5
amp
ved
0CEEQ6AEwBA
v
onepage
amp
q
ash
20wednesday
amp
f
false
Retrieved
08
March
2011
We
are
wise
therefore
to
explain
whether
in
the
course
of
the
homily
or
in
the
church
bulletin
or
newsletter
something
of
the
meaning
of
the
day
of
ashes
as
an
ancient
symbol
of
loss
and
repentance
of
the
historic
words
spoken
during
the
imposition
of
the
ashes
Remember
that
thou
art
dust
and
to
dust
thou
shalt
return
of
the
practice
in
many
religious
communions
of
using
ashes
made
from
the
palms
of
the
previous
year
s
Palm
Sunday
and
of
course
that
the
imposition
of
ashes
is
a
sign
of
mourning
and
repentance
William
P
Lazarus
Mark
Sullivan
Comparative
Religion
For
Dummies
For
Dummies
http
books
google
com
books
id
oTtcFiGbW2kC
amp
pg
PA98
amp
dq
lent
lutheran
catholic
methodist
amp
hl
en
amp
ei
4NF2Tf3LLsL
rAGmtoBf
amp
sa
X
amp
oi
book
result
amp
ct
result
amp
resnum
8
amp
ved
0CFUQ6AEwBw
v
onepage
amp
q
lent
20lutheran
20catholic
20methodist
amp
f
false
Retrieved
08
March
2011
This
is
the
day
Lent
begins
Christians
go
to
church
to
pray
and
have
a
cross
drawn
in
ashes
on
their
foreheads
The
ashes
drawn
on
ancient
tradition
represent
repentance
before
God
The
holiday
is
part
of
Roman
Catholic
Lutheran
Methodist
and
Episcopalian
liturgies
among
others
Sylvia
A
Sweeney
An
Ecofeminist
Perspective
on
Ash
Wednesday
and
Lent
Peter
Lang
http
books
google
com
books
id
u2ZV
f4uZUEC
amp
pg
PA137
amp
dq
lent
lutheran
catholic
methodist
amp
hl
en
amp
ei
4NF2Tf3LLsL
rAGmtoBf
amp
sa
X
amp
oi
book
result
amp
ct
result
amp
resnum
4
amp
ved
0CEAQ6AEwAw
v
onepage
amp
q
lent
20lutheran
20catholic
20methodist
amp
f
false
Retrieved
08
March
2011
In
the
twentieth
century
the
imposition
of
ashes
became
part
of
the
liturgical
experience
of
not
only
Roman
Catholics
but
Anglicans
Methodists
and
Lutherans
as
well
Ford
Penny
Lent
101
Upper
Room
Ministries
http
www
upperroom
org
methodx
thelife
articles
lent101
asp
Lent
and
Easter
The
Diocese
of
London
17
March
2004
http
www
london
anglican
org
NewsShow
2653
Psalm
51
is
the
Ash
Wednesday
reading
in
both
the
Revised
Common
Lectionary
and
The
Catholic
Lectionary
What
is
the
significance
of
ashes
being
placed
on
the
forehead
on
Ash
Wednesday
The
United
Methodist
Church
http
archives
umc
org
interior
asp
ptid
1
amp
mid
2871
Responses
to
frequently
asked
questions
regarding
Lenten
practices
Catholics
United
for
the
Faith
http
www
cuf
org
news
newsdetail
asp
newID
30
ash2
Code
of
Canon
Law
canon
1170
Donovan
Colin
B
Communion
of
Non
Catholics
or
Intercommunion
Eternal
Word
Television
Network
http
www
ewtn
com
expert
answers
intercommunion
htm
1983
Code
of
Canon
Law
canon
844
Pastor
s
Message
Ash
Wednesday
An
Invitation
To
Lent
First
United
Methodist
Church
28
February
2001
http
www
gbgm
umc
org
fumc
wallingford
sermons
sermons01
2001
02
28
html
1983
Code
of
Canon
Law
canon
1251
1917
Code
of
Canon
Law
canon
1252
2
3
Lent
with
Jesus
in
the
desert
to
fight
the
spirit
of
evil
Asia
News
it
3
May
2006
http
www
asianews
it
index
php
art
5554
amp
l
en
Turning
to
the
gospel
of
the
day
which
is
about
Jesus
40
days
in
the
desert
where
he
overcame
the
temptations
of
Satan
cfr
Mk
1
12
13
Pope
Benedict
XVI
exhorted
Christians
to
follow
their
Teacher
and
Lord
to
face
together
with
Him
the
struggle
against
the
spirit
of
evil
He
said
The
desert
is
rather
an
eloquent
metaphor
of
the
human
condition
Written
Answers
Cigarette
Smoking
D
il
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chris anderson
LEER
academy awards
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopedia
Redirected
from
Academy
awards
Jump
to
navigation
search
Oscars
and
The
Oscar
redirect
here
For
the
film
see
The
Oscar
film
For
other
uses
of
the
word
Oscar
see
Oscar
disambiguation
Academy
AwardAn
Academy
Award
statuetteAwarded
forExcellence
in
cinematic
achievementsPresented
byAcademy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
SciencesCountryUnited
StatesFirst
awardedMay
16
1929Official
websitewww
oscars
orgAn
Academy
Award
is
an
accolade
bestowed
by
the
American
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
AMPAS
1
to
recognize
excellence
of
professionals
in
the
film
industry
including
directors
actors
and
writers
The
Oscar
statuette
is
officially
named
the
Academy
Award
of
Merit
and
is
one
of
nine
types
of
Academy
Awards
The
formal
ceremony
at
which
the
Awards
of
Merit
are
presented
is
one
of
the
most
prominent
award
ceremonies
in
the
world
and
is
televised
live
in
more
than
100
countries
annually
however
the
first
broadcast
was
not
televised
It
is
also
the
oldest
award
ceremony
in
the
media
its
equivalents
the
Grammy
Awards
for
music
Emmy
Awards
for
television
and
Tony
Awards
for
theatre
are
modeled
after
the
Academy
The
AMPAS
was
originally
conceived
by
Metro
Goldwyn
Mayer
studio
boss
Louis
B
Mayer
as
a
professional
honorary
organization
to
help
improve
the
film
industry
s
image
and
help
mediate
labor
disputes
The
Oscar
itself
was
later
initiated
by
the
Academy
as
an
award
of
merit
for
distinctive
achievement
in
the
industry
2
The
first
Academy
Awards
ceremony
was
held
on
May
16
1929
at
the
Hotel
Roosevelt
in
Hollywood
to
honor
outstanding
film
achievements
of
the
1927
1928
film
season
The
most
recent
ceremony
honoring
films
in
2010
was
held
at
Hollywood
s
Kodak
Theatre
on
February
27
2011
The
84th
Academy
Awards
honoring
films
in
2011
will
be
held
at
the
Kodak
Theatre
on
February
26
2012
Contents1
History2
Oscar
statuette2
1
Design2
2
Naming2
3
Ownership
of
Oscar
statuettes3
Nomination3
1
Voters3
2
Rules4
Ceremony4
1
Telecast5
Awards
ceremonies6
Venues7
Academy
Awards
of
Merit7
1
Current
awards7
2
Retired
awards7
3
Proposed
awards8
Special
Academy
Awards8
1
Current
special
awards8
2
Retired
special
awards9
Criticism10
Associated
events11
See
also12
Notes13
References14
External
links
HistoryGary
Cooper
and
Joan
Fontaine
holding
their
Oscars
at
the
Academy
Awards
1942The
first
awards
were
presented
on
May
16
1929
at
a
private
brunch
at
the
Hollywood
Roosevelt
Hotel
with
an
audience
of
about
270
people
The
post
Academy
Awards
party
was
held
at
the
Mayfair
Hotel
3
The
cost
of
guest
tickets
for
that
night
s
ceremony
was
5
Fifteen
statuettes
were
awarded
honoring
artists
directors
and
other
personalities
of
the
filmmaking
industry
of
the
time
for
their
works
during
the
1927
1928
period
Winners
had
been
announced
three
months
earlier
of
their
triumphs
however
that
was
changed
in
the
second
ceremony
of
the
Academy
Awards
in
1930
Since
then
and
during
the
first
decade
the
results
were
given
to
newspapers
for
publication
at
11pm
on
the
night
of
the
awards
3
This
method
was
used
until
the
Los
Angeles
Times
announced
the
winners
before
the
ceremony
began
as
a
result
the
Academy
has
used
a
sealed
envelope
to
reveal
the
name
of
the
winners
since
1941
3
For
the
first
six
ceremonies
the
eligibility
period
spanned
two
calendar
years
For
example
the
2nd
Academy
Awards
presented
on
April
3
1930
recognized
films
that
were
released
between
August
1
1928
and
July
31
1929
Starting
with
the
7th
Academy
Awards
held
in
1935
the
period
of
eligibility
became
the
full
previous
calendar
year
from
January
1
to
December
31
The
first
Best
Actor
awarded
was
Emil
Jannings
for
his
performances
in
The
Last
Command
and
The
Way
of
All
Flesh
He
had
to
return
to
Europe
before
the
ceremony
so
the
Academy
agreed
to
give
him
the
prize
earlier
this
made
him
the
first
Academy
Award
winner
in
history
The
honored
professionals
were
awarded
for
all
the
work
done
in
a
certain
category
for
the
qualifying
period
for
example
Emil
Jannings
received
the
award
for
two
movies
in
which
he
starred
during
that
period
Since
the
fourth
ceremony
the
system
changed
and
the
professionals
were
honored
for
a
specific
performance
in
a
single
film
As
of
the
83rd
Academy
Awards
ceremony
held
in
2011
update
a
total
of
2
809
Oscars
have
been
given
for
1
853
awards
4
A
total
of
302
actors
have
won
Oscars
in
competitive
acting
categories
or
been
awarded
Honorary
or
Juvenile
Awards
The
1939
film
Beau
Geste
is
the
only
movie
that
features
as
many
as
four
Academy
Award
winners
for
Best
Actor
in
a
Leading
Role
Gary
Cooper
Ray
Milland
Susan
Hayward
Broderick
Crawford
prior
to
any
of
the
actors
receiving
the
Best
Actor
Award
At
the
29th
ceremony
held
on
March
27
1957
the
Best
Foreign
Language
Film
category
was
introduced
Until
then
foreign
language
films
were
honored
with
the
Special
Achievement
Award
Oscar
statuette
DesignAlthough
there
are
seven
other
types
of
annual
awards
presented
by
the
Academy
the
Irving
G
Thalberg
Memorial
Award
the
Jean
Hersholt
Humanitarian
Award
the
Gordon
E
Sawyer
Award
the
Scientific
and
Engineering
Award
the
Technical
Achievement
Award
the
John
A
Bonner
Medal
of
Commendation
and
the
Student
Academy
Award
plus
two
awards
that
are
not
presented
annually
the
Special
Achievement
Award
in
the
form
of
an
Oscar
statuette
and
the
Honorary
Award
that
may
or
may
not
be
in
the
form
of
an
Oscar
statuette
the
best
known
one
is
the
Academy
Award
of
Merit
more
popularly
known
as
the
Oscar
statuette
Made
of
gold
plated
britannium
on
a
black
metal
base
it
is
13
5in
34cm
tall
weighs
8
5lb
3
85kg
and
depicts
a
knight
rendered
in
Art
Deco
style
holding
a
crusader
s
sword
standing
on
a
reel
of
film
with
five
spokes
The
five
spokes
each
represent
the
original
branches
of
the
Academy
Actors
Writers
Directors
Producers
and
Technicians
5
In
1928
MGM
s
art
director
Cedric
Gibbons
one
of
the
original
Academy
members
supervised
the
design
of
the
award
trophy
by
printing
the
design
on
a
scroll
6
In
need
of
a
model
for
his
statuette
Gibbons
was
introduced
by
his
future
wife
Dolores
del
R
o
to
Mexican
film
director
and
actor
Emilio
El
Indio
Fern
ndez
Reluctant
at
first
Fern
ndez
was
finally
convinced
to
pose
nude
to
create
what
today
is
known
as
the
Oscar
Then
sculptor
George
Stanley
who
also
did
the
Muse
Fountain
7
at
the
Hollywood
Bowl
sculpted
Gibbons
s
design
in
clay
and
Sachin
Smith
cast
the
statuette
in
92
5
percent
tin
and
7
5
percent
copper
and
then
gold
plated
it
The
only
addition
to
the
Oscar
since
it
was
created
is
a
minor
streamlining
of
the
base
The
original
Oscar
mold
was
cast
in
1928
at
the
C
W
Shumway
amp
Sons
Foundry
in
Batavia
Illinois
which
also
contributed
to
casting
the
molds
for
the
Vince
Lombardi
Trophy
and
Emmy
Awards
statuettes
Since
1983
8
approximately
50
Oscars
are
made
each
year
in
Chicago
by
Illinois
manufacturer
R
S
Owens
amp
Company
9
In
support
of
the
American
effort
in
World
War
II
the
statuettes
were
made
of
plaster
and
were
traded
in
for
gold
ones
after
the
war
had
ended
10
NamingThe
root
of
the
name
Oscar
is
contested
One
biography
of
Bette
Davis
claims
that
she
named
the
Oscar
after
her
first
husband
band
leader
Harmon
Oscar
Nelson
11
one
of
the
earliest
mentions
in
print
of
the
term
Oscar
dates
back
to
a
Time
magazine
article
about
the
1934
6th
Academy
Awards
12
Walt
Disney
is
also
quoted
as
thanking
the
Academy
for
his
Oscar
as
early
as
1932
Another
claimed
origin
is
that
the
Academy
s
Executive
Secretary
Margaret
Herrick
first
saw
the
award
in
1931
and
made
reference
to
the
statuette
s
reminding
her
of
her
Uncle
Oscar
a
nickname
for
her
cousin
Oscar
Pierce
13
Columnist
Sidney
Skolsky
was
present
during
Herrick
s
naming
and
seized
the
name
in
his
byline
Employees
have
affectionately
dubbed
their
famous
statuette
Oscar
14
The
trophy
was
officially
dubbed
the
Oscar
in
1939
by
the
Academy
of
Motion
Pictures
Arts
and
Sciences
15
Another
legend
reports
that
the
Norwegian
American
Eleanor
Lilleberg
executive
secretary
to
Louis
B
Mayer
saw
the
first
statuette
and
exclaimed
It
looks
like
King
Oscar
II
16
At
the
end
of
the
day
she
asked
What
should
we
do
with
Oscar
put
him
in
the
vault
and
the
name
stuck
Ownership
of
Oscar
statuettesSince
1950
the
statuettes
have
been
legally
encumbered
by
the
requirement
that
neither
winners
nor
their
heirs
may
sell
the
statuettes
without
first
offering
to
sell
them
back
to
the
Academy
for
US
1
If
a
winner
refuses
to
agree
to
this
stipulation
then
the
Academy
keeps
the
statuette
Academy
Awards
not
protected
by
this
agreement
have
been
sold
in
public
auctions
and
private
deals
for
six
figure
sums
17
In
December
2011
Orson
Welles
1941
Oscar
for
Citizen
Kane
was
put
up
for
auction
after
his
heirs
won
a
2004
court
decision
that
Welles
did
not
sign
any
agreement
to
return
the
statue
to
the
Academy
18
While
the
Oscar
is
under
the
ownership
of
the
recipient
it
is
essentially
not
on
the
open
market
19
The
case
of
Michael
Todd
s
grandson
trying
to
sell
Todd
s
Oscar
statuette
illustrates
that
there
are
some
who
do
not
agree
with
this
idea
When
Todd
s
grandson
attempted
to
sell
Todd
s
Oscar
statuette
to
a
movie
prop
collector
the
Academy
won
the
legal
battle
by
getting
a
permanent
injunction
Although
Oscar
sales
transactions
have
been
successful
some
buyers
have
subsequently
returned
the
statuettes
to
the
Academy
which
keeps
them
in
its
treasury
20
NominationSince
2004
Academy
Award
nomination
results
have
been
announced
to
the
public
in
late
January
Prior
to
2004
nomination
results
were
announced
publicly
in
early
February
VotersThe
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
AMPAS
a
professional
honorary
organization
maintains
a
voting
membership
of
5
783
as
of
2012
update
21
Academy
membership
is
divided
into
different
branches
with
each
representing
a
different
discipline
in
film
production
Actors
constitute
the
largest
voting
bloc
numbering
1
311
members
22
percent
of
the
Academy
s
composition
Votes
have
been
certified
by
the
auditing
firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers
and
its
predecessor
Price
Waterhouse
for
the
past
73
annual
awards
ceremonies
22
All
AMPAS
members
must
be
invited
to
join
by
the
Board
of
Governors
on
behalf
of
Academy
Branch
Executive
Committees
Membership
eligibility
may
be
achieved
by
a
competitive
nomination
or
a
member
may
submit
a
name
based
on
other
significant
contribution
to
the
field
of
motion
pictures
New
membership
proposals
are
considered
annually
The
Academy
does
not
publicly
disclose
its
membership
although
as
recently
as
2007
press
releases
have
announced
the
names
of
those
who
have
been
invited
to
join
The
2007
release
also
stated
that
it
has
just
under
6
000
voting
members
While
the
membership
had
been
growing
stricter
policies
have
kept
its
size
steady
since
then
23
RulesCurrently
according
to
Rules
2
and
3
of
the
official
Academy
Awards
Rules
a
film
must
open
in
the
previous
calendar
year
from
midnight
at
the
start
of
January
1
to
midnight
at
the
end
of
December
31
in
Los
Angeles
County
California
to
qualify
except
for
the
Best
Foreign
Language
Film
24
For
example
the
2010
Best
Picture
winner
The
Hurt
Locker
was
actually
first
released
in
2008
but
did
not
qualify
for
the
2009
awards
as
it
did
not
play
its
Oscar
qualifying
run
in
Los
Angeles
until
mid
2009
thus
qualifying
for
the
2010
awards
Rule
2
states
that
a
film
must
be
feature
length
defined
as
a
minimum
of
40minutes
except
for
short
subject
awards
and
it
must
exist
either
on
a
35
mm
or
70
mm
film
print
or
in
24frame
s
or
48frame
s
progressive
scan
digital
cinema
format
with
native
resolution
not
less
than
1280x720
Producers
must
submit
an
Official
Screen
Credits
online
form
before
the
deadline
in
case
it
is
not
submitted
by
the
defined
deadline
the
film
will
be
ineligible
for
Academy
Awards
in
any
year
The
form
includes
the
production
credits
for
all
related
categories
Then
each
form
is
checked
and
put
in
a
Reminder
List
of
Eligible
Releases
In
late
December
ballots
and
copies
of
the
Reminder
List
of
Eligible
Releases
are
mailed
to
around
6000
active
members
For
most
categories
members
from
each
of
the
branches
vote
to
determine
the
nominees
only
in
their
respective
categories
i
e
only
directors
vote
for
directors
writers
for
writers
actors
for
actors
etc
There
are
some
exceptions
in
the
case
of
certain
categories
like
Foreign
Film
Documentary
and
Animated
Feature
Film
in
which
movies
are
selected
by
special
screening
committees
made
up
of
members
from
all
branches
In
the
special
case
of
Best
Picture
all
voting
members
are
eligible
to
select
the
nominees
for
that
category
Foreign
films
must
include
English
subtitles
and
each
country
can
submit
only
one
film
per
year
25
The
members
of
the
various
branches
nominate
those
in
their
respective
fields
while
all
members
may
submit
nominees
for
Best
Picture
The
winners
are
then
determined
by
a
second
round
of
voting
in
which
all
members
are
then
allowed
to
vote
in
most
categories
including
Best
Picture
26
Ceremony
Telecast31st
Academy
Awards
Presentations
Pantages
Theater
Hollywood
195981st
Academy
Awards
Presentations
Hollywood
and
Highland
Hollywood
2009The
major
awards
are
presented
at
a
live
televised
ceremony
most
commonly
in
February
or
March
following
the
relevant
calendar
year
and
six
weeks
after
the
announcement
of
the
nominees
It
is
the
culmination
of
the
film
awards
season
which
usually
begins
during
November
or
December
of
the
previous
year
This
is
an
elaborate
extravaganza
with
the
invited
guests
walking
up
the
red
carpet
in
the
creations
of
the
most
prominent
fashion
designers
of
the
day
Black
tie
dress
is
the
most
common
outfit
for
men
although
fashion
may
dictate
not
wearing
a
bow
tie
and
musical
performers
sometimes
do
not
adhere
to
this
The
artists
who
recorded
the
nominees
for
Best
Original
Song
quite
often
perform
those
songs
live
at
the
awards
ceremony
and
the
fact
that
they
are
performing
is
often
used
to
promote
the
television
broadcast
The
Academy
Awards
is
televised
live
across
the
United
States
excluding
Hawaii
they
aired
live
for
the
first
time
in
Alaska
in
2011
Canada
the
United
Kingdom
and
gathers
millions
of
viewers
elsewhere
throughout
the
world
27
The
2007
ceremony
was
watched
by
more
than
40
million
Americans
28
Other
awards
ceremonies
such
as
the
Emmys
Golden
Globes
and
Grammys
are
broadcast
live
in
the
East
Coast
but
are
on
tape
delay
in
the
West
Coast
and
might
not
air
on
the
same
day
outside
North
America
if
the
awards
are
even
televised
The
Academy
has
for
several
years
claimed
that
the
award
show
has
up
to
a
billion
viewers
internationally
but
this
has
so
far
not
been
confirmed
by
any
independent
sources
The
Awards
show
was
first
televised
on
NBC
in
1953
NBC
continued
to
broadcast
the
event
until
1960
when
the
ABC
Network
took
over
televising
the
festivities
through
1970
after
which
NBC
resumed
the
broadcasts
ABC
once
again
took
over
broadcast
duties
in
1976
it
is
under
contract
to
do
so
through
the
year
2020
29
After
more
than
sixty
years
of
being
held
in
late
March
or
early
April
the
ceremonies
were
moved
up
to
late
February
or
early
March
starting
in
2004
to
help
disrupt
and
shorten
the
intense
lobbying
and
ad
campaigns
associated
with
Oscar
season
in
the
film
industry
Another
reason
was
because
of
the
growing
TV
ratings
success
of
the
NCAA
Men
s
Division
I
Basketball
Championship
which
would
cut
into
the
Academy
Awards
audience
The
earlier
date
is
also
to
the
advantage
of
ABC
as
it
now
usually
occurs
during
the
highly
profitable
and
important
February
sweeps
period
Some
years
the
ceremony
is
moved
into
early
March
in
deference
to
the
Winter
Olympics
Advertising
is
somewhat
restricted
however
as
traditionally
no
movie
studios
or
competitors
of
official
Academy
Award
sponsors
may
advertise
during
the
telecast
The
Awards
show
holds
the
distinction
of
having
won
the
most
Emmys
in
history
with
47
wins
and
195
nominations
30
After
many
years
of
being
held
on
Mondays
at
9
00p
m
Eastern
6
00
p
m
Pacific
in
1999
the
ceremonies
were
moved
to
Sundays
at
8
30p
m
Eastern
5
30p
m
Pacific
31
The
reasons
given
for
the
move
were
that
more
viewers
would
tune
in
on
Sundays
that
Los
Angeles
rush
hour
traffic
jams
could
be
avoided
and
that
an
earlier
start
time
would
allow
viewers
on
the
East
Coast
to
go
to
bed
earlier
32
For
many
years
the
film
industry
had
opposed
a
Sunday
broadcast
because
it
would
cut
into
the
weekend
box
office
33
On
March
30
1981
the
awards
ceremony
was
postponed
for
one
day
after
the
shooting
of
President
Ronald
Reagan
and
others
in
Washington
D
C
In
1993
an
In
Memoriam
segment
was
introduced
34
honoring
those
who
had
made
a
significant
contribution
to
cinema
who
had
died
in
the
preceding
12
months
a
selection
compiled
by
a
small
committee
of
Academy
members
35
This
segment
has
drawn
criticism
over
the
years
for
the
omission
of
some
names
In
2010
the
organizers
of
the
Academy
Awards
announced
that
winners
acceptance
speeches
must
not
run
past
45seconds
This
according
to
organizer
Bill
Mechanic
was
to
ensure
the
elimination
of
what
he
termed
the
single
most
hated
thing
on
the
show
overly
long
and
embarrassing
displays
of
emotion
36
The
Academy
has
also
had
recent
discussions
about
moving
the
ceremony
even
further
back
into
January
citing
TV
viewers
fatigue
with
the
film
industry
s
long
awards
season
But
such
an
accelerated
schedule
would
dramatically
decrease
the
voting
period
for
its
members
to
the
point
where
some
voters
would
only
have
time
to
view
the
contending
films
streamed
on
their
computers
as
opposed
to
traditionally
receiving
the
films
and
ballots
in
the
mail
Also
a
January
ceremony
may
have
to
compete
with
National
Football
League
playoff
games
37
Awards
ceremoniesThe
following
is
a
listing
of
all
Academy
Awards
ceremonies
since
1929
38
39
40
CeremonyDateBest
Picture
winnerLength
of
broadcastNumber
of
viewersRatingHost
s
Venue1st
Academy
AwardsMay
16
1929WingsNo
broadcast
Douglas
Fairbanks
William
C
deMilleHollywood
Roosevelt
Hotel2nd
Academy
AwardsApril
3
1930broadway
The
Broadway
Melody
William
C
deMilleAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel3rd
Academy
AwardsNovember
5
1930All
Quiet
on
the
Western
Front
Conrad
NagelAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel4th
Academy
AwardsNovember
10
1931Cimarron
Lawrence
GrantAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel5th
Academy
AwardsNovember
18
1932Grand
Hotel
Lionel
Barrymore
Conrad
NagelAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel6th
Academy
AwardsMarch
16
1934Cavalcade
Will
RogersAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel7th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
27
1935It
Happened
One
Night
Irvin
S
CobbAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel8th
Academy
AwardsMarch
5
1936Mutiny
on
the
Bounty
Frank
CapraAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel9th
Academy
AwardsMarch
4
1937great
z
The
Great
Ziegfeld
George
JesselAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel10th
Academy
AwardsMarch
10
1938life
of
emile
The
Life
of
Emile
Zola
Bob
BurnsAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel11th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
23
1939You
Can
t
Take
It
With
You
NoneAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel12th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
29
1940Gone
with
the
Wind
Bob
HopeAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel13th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
27
1941Rebecca
Bob
HopeAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel14th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
26
1942How
Green
Was
My
Valley
NoneAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel15th
Academy
AwardsMarch
4
1943Mrs
Miniver
Bob
HopeAmbassador
Hotel
Millennium
Biltmore
Hotel16th
Academy
AwardsMarch
2
1944Casablanca
Jack
BennyGrauman
s
Chinese
Theater17th
Academy
AwardsMarch
15
1945Going
My
Way
Bob
Hope
John
CromwellGrauman
s
Chinese
Theater18th
Academy
AwardsMarch
7
1946lost
w
The
Lost
Weekend
Bob
Hope
James
StewartGrauman
s
Chinese
Theater19th
Academy
AwardsMarch
13
1947best
years
The
Best
Years
of
Our
Lives
Jack
BennyShrine
Auditorium20th
Academy
AwardsMarch
20
1948Gentleman
s
Agreement
Agnes
Moorehead
Dick
PowellShrine
Auditorium21st
Academy
AwardsMarch
24
1949Hamlet
Robert
MontgomeryPantages
Theatre22nd
Academy
AwardsMarch
23
1950All
the
King
s
Men
Paul
DouglasPantages
Theatre23rd
Academy
AwardsMarch
29
1951All
About
Eve
Fred
AstairePantages
Theatre24th
Academy
AwardsMarch
20
1952american
in
p
An
American
in
Paris
Danny
KayePantages
Theatre25th
Academy
AwardsMarch
19
1953greatest
show
The
Greatest
Show
on
Earth
40
million
Bob
Hope
Conrad
NagelNBC
International
Theatre26th
Academy
AwardsMarch
25
1954From
Here
to
Eternity
43
million
Donald
O
Connor
Fredric
MarchNBC
Century
Theatre27th
Academy
AwardsMarch
30
1955On
the
Waterfront
Bob
Hope
Thelma
RitterNBC
Century
Theatre28th
Academy
AwardsMarch
21
1956Marty
Jerry
Lewis
Claudette
Colbert
Joseph
L
MankiewiczNBC
Century
Theatre29th
Academy
AwardsMarch
27
1957Around
the
World
in
80
Days
Jerry
Lewis
Celeste
HolmNBC
Century
Theatre30th
Academy
AwardsMarch
26
1958bridge
The
Bridge
on
the
River
Kwai
Bob
Hope
David
Niven
James
Stewart
Jack
Lemmon
Rosalind
RussellPantages
Theatre31st
Academy
AwardsApril
6
1959Gigi
Bob
Hope
David
Niven
Tony
Randall
Mort
Sahl
Laurence
Olivier
Jerry
LewisPantages
Theatre32nd
Academy
AwardsApril
4
1960Ben
Hur1
hour
40
minutes
Bob
HopePantages
Theatre33rd
Academy
AwardsApril
17
1961apartment
The
Apartment
Bob
HopeSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium34th
Academy
AwardsApril
9
1962West
Side
Story2
hours
10
minutes
Bob
HopeSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium35th
Academy
AwardsApril
8
1963Lawrence
of
Arabia
Frank
SinatraSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium36th
Academy
AwardsApril
13
1964Tom
Jones
Jack
LemmonSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium37th
Academy
AwardsApril
5
1965My
Fair
Lady
Bob
HopeSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium38th
Academy
AwardsApril
18
1966sound
of
m
The
Sound
of
Music
Bob
HopeSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium39th
Academy
AwardsApril
10
1967man
for
all
A
Man
for
All
Seasons2
hours
31
minutes
Bob
HopeSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium40th
Academy
AwardsApril
10
1968In
the
Heat
of
the
Night
Bob
HopeSanta
Monica
Civic
Auditorium41st
Academy
AwardsApril
14
1969Oliver
NoneDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion42nd
Academy
AwardsApril
7
1970Midnight
Cowboy2
hours
25
minutes
43
40NoneDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion43rd
Academy
AwardsApril
15
1971Patton
NoneDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion44th
Academy
AwardsApril
10
1972french
The
French
Connection
Helen
Hayes
Alan
King
Sammy
Davis
Jr
Jack
LemmonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion45th
Academy
AwardsMarch
27
1973godfather1
The
Godfather2
hours
38
minutes
Carol
Burnett
Michael
Caine
Charlton
Heston
Rock
HudsonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion46th
Academy
AwardsApril
2
1974sting
The
Sting3
hours
23
minutes
John
Huston
Burt
Reynolds
David
Niven
Diana
RossDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion47th
Academy
AwardsApril
8
1975godfather2
The
Godfather
Part
II3
hours
20
minutes
Sammy
Davis
Jr
Bob
Hope
Shirley
MacLaine
Frank
SinatraDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion48th
Academy
AwardsMarch
29
1976One
Flew
Over
the
Cuckoo
s
Nest3
hours
12
minutes
Goldie
Hawn
Gene
Kelly
Walter
Matthau
George
Segal
Robert
ShawDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion49th
Academy
AwardsMarch
28
1977Rocky3
hours
38
minutes
Warren
Beatty
Ellen
Burstyn
Jane
Fonda
Richard
PryorDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion50th
Academy
AwardsApril
3
1978Annie
Hall3
hours
30
minutes39
73
million31
10Bob
HopeDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion51st
Academy
AwardsApril
9
1979deer
hunter
The
Deer
Hunter3
hours
25
minutes
Johnny
CarsonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion52nd
Academy
AwardsApril
14
1980Kramer
vs
Kramer3
hours
12
minutes
Johnny
CarsonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion53rd
Academy
AwardsMarch
31
1981Ordinary
People3
hours
13
minutes
Johnny
CarsonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion54th
Academy
AwardsMarch
29
1982Chariots
of
Fire3
hours
24
minutes
Johnny
CarsonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion55th
Academy
AwardsApril
11
1983Gandhi3
hours
15
minutes
Liza
Minnelli
Dudley
Moore
Richard
Pryor
Walter
MatthauDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion56th
Academy
AwardsApril
9
1984Terms
of
Endearment3
hours
42
minutes
38
00Johnny
CarsonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion57th
Academy
AwardsMarch
25
1985Amadeus3
hours
10
minutes
Jack
LemmonDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion58th
Academy
AwardsMarch
24
1986Out
of
Africa3
hours
02
minutes38
65
million25
71Alan
Alda
Jane
Fonda
Robin
WilliamsDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion59th
Academy
AwardsMarch
30
1987Platoon3
hours
19
minutes39
72
million25
94Chevy
Chase
Goldie
Hawn
Paul
HoganDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion60th
Academy
AwardsApril
11
1988last
emperor
The
Last
Emperor3
hours
33
minutes42
04
million27
80Chevy
ChaseShrine
Auditorium61st
Academy
AwardsMarch
29
1989Rain
Man3
hours
19
minutes42
77
million28
41NoneShrine
Auditorium62nd
Academy
AwardsMarch
26
1990Driving
Miss
Daisy3
hours
37
minutes40
22
million26
42Billy
CrystalDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion63rd
Academy
AwardsMarch
25
1991Dances
with
Wolves3
hours
35
minutes42
79
million28
06Billy
CrystalShrine
Auditorium64th
Academy
AwardsMarch
30
1992silence
of
The
Silence
of
the
Lambs3
hours
33
minutes44
44
million29
84Billy
CrystalDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion65th
Academy
AwardsMarch
29
1993Unforgiven3
hours
30
minutes45
84
million32
85Billy
CrystalDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion66th
Academy
AwardsMarch
21
1994Schindler
s
List3
hours
18
minutes46
26
million31
86Whoopi
GoldbergDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion67th
Academy
AwardsMarch
27
1995Forrest
Gump3
hours
35
minutes48
87
million33
47David
LettermanShrine
Auditorium68th
Academy
AwardsMarch
25
1996Braveheart3
hours
38
minutes44
81
million30
48Whoopi
GoldbergDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion69th
Academy
AwardsMarch
24
1997english
The
English
Patient3
hours
34
minutes40
83
million25
83Billy
CrystalShrine
Auditorium70th
Academy
AwardsMarch
23
1998Titanic3
hours
47
minutes57
25
million35
32Billy
CrystalShrine
Auditorium71st
Academy
AwardsMarch
21
1999Shakespeare
in
Love4
hours
02
minutes45
63
million28
51Whoopi
GoldbergDorothy
Chandler
Pavilion72nd
Academy
AwardsMarch
26
2000American
Beauty4
hours
04
minutes46
53
million29
64Billy
CrystalShrine
Auditorium73rd
Academy
AwardsMarch
25
2001Gladiator3
hours
23
minutes42
93
million25
86Steve
MartinShrine
Auditorium74th
Academy
AwardsMarch
24
2002beautiful
mind
A
Beautiful
Mind4
hours
23
minutes40
54
million25
13Whoopi
GoldbergKodak
Theatre75th
Academy
AwardsMarch
23
2003Chicago3
hours
30
minutes33
04
million20
58Steve
MartinKodak
Theatre76th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
29
2004lord
of
The
Lord
of
the
Rings
The
Return
of
the
King3
hours
44
minutes43
56
million26
68Billy
CrystalKodak
Theatre77th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
27
2005Million
Dollar
Baby3
hours
14
minutes42
16
million25
29Chris
RockKodak
Theatre78th
Academy
AwardsMarch
5
2006Crash3
hours
33
minutes38
64
million22
91Jon
StewartKodak
Theatre79th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
25
2007departed
The
Departed3
hours
51
minutes39
92
million23
65Ellen
DeGeneresKodak
Theatre80th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
24
2008No
Country
for
Old
Men3
hours
21
minutes31
76
million18
66Jon
StewartKodak
Theatre81st
Academy
AwardsFebruary
22
2009Slumdog
Millionaire3
hours
30
minutes36
94
million21
68Hugh
JackmanKodak
Theatre82nd
Academy
AwardsMarch
7
2010hurt
locker
The
Hurt
Locker3
hours
37
minutes41
62
million24
75Steve
Martin
Alec
BaldwinKodak
Theatre83rd
Academy
AwardsFebruary
27
2011kings
The
King
s
Speech3
hours
15
minutes37
63
million21
97James
Franco
Anne
HathawayKodak
Theatre84th
Academy
AwardsFebruary
26
2012TBDBilly
Crystal
41
Kodak
TheatreHistorically
the
Oscarcast
has
pulled
in
a
bigger
haul
when
box
office
hits
are
favored
to
win
the
Best
Picture
trophy
More
than
57
25
million
viewers
tuned
to
the
telecast
for
the
70th
Academy
Awards
in
1998
the
year
of
Titanic
which
generated
close
to
US
600
million
at
the
North
American
box
office
pre
Oscars
42
The
76th
Academy
Awards
ceremony
in
which
The
Lord
of
the
Rings
The
Return
of
the
King
pre
telecast
box
office
earnings
of
US
368
million
received
11
Awards
including
Best
Picture
drew
43
56
million
viewers
43
The
most
watched
ceremony
based
on
Nielsen
ratings
to
date
however
was
the
42nd
Academy
Awards
Best
Picture
Midnight
Cowboy
which
drew
a
43
4
household
rating
on
April
7
1970
44
By
contrast
ceremonies
honoring
films
that
have
not
performed
well
at
the
box
office
tend
to
show
weaker
ratings
The
78th
Academy
Awards
which
awarded
low
budgeted
independent
film
Crash
with
a
pre
Oscar
gross
of
US
53
4
million
generated
an
audience
of
38
64
million
with
a
household
rating
of
22
91
45
In
2008
the
80th
Academy
Awards
telecast
was
watched
by
31
76
million
viewers
on
average
with
an
18
66
household
rating
the
lowest
rated
and
least
watched
ceremony
to
date
in
spite
of
celebrating
80
years
of
the
Academy
Awards
46
The
Best
Picture
winner
of
that
particular
ceremony
was
another
low
budget
independently
financed
film
No
Country
for
Old
Men
VenuesPantages
Theatre
2008In
1929
the
first
Academy
Awards
were
presented
at
a
banquet
dinner
at
the
Hollywood
Roosevelt
Hotel
From
1930
1943
the
ceremony
alternated
between
two
venues
the
Ambassador
Hotel
in
Hollywood
and
the
Biltmore
Hotel
in
downtown
Los
Angeles
Grauman
s
Chinese
Theater
in
Hollywood
then
hosted
the
awards
from
1944
to
1946
followed
by
the
Shrine
Auditorium
in
Los
Angeles
from
1947
to
1948
The
21st
Academy
Awards
in
1949
were
held
at
the
Academy
Award
Theater
at
what
was
the
Academy
s
headquarters
on
Melrose
Avenue
in
Hollywood
47
From
1950
to
1960
the
awards
were
presented
at
Hollywood
s
Pantages
Theatre
With
the
advent
of
television
the
1953
1957
awards
took
place
simultaneously
in
Hollywood
and
New
York
first
at
the
NBC
International
Theatre
1953
and
then
at
the
NBC
Century
Theatre
1954
1957
after
which
the
ceremony
took
place
solely
in
Los
Angeles
The
Oscars
moved
to
the
Santa
Monica
Civic
Auditorium
in
Santa
Monica
California
in
1961
By
1969
the
Academy
decided
to
move
the
ceremonies
back
to
Los
Angeles
this
time
to
the
Dorothy
Chandler
Pavilion
at
the
Los
Angeles
County
Music
Center
In
2002
Hollywood
s
Kodak
Theatre
became
the
permanent
home
of
the
award
ceremonies
Academy
Awards
of
Merit
Current
awardsBest
Actor
in
a
Leading
Role
since
1928Best
Actor
in
a
Supporting
Role
since
1936Best
Actress
in
a
Leading
Role
since
1928Best
Actress
in
a
Supporting
Role
since
1936Best
Animated
Film
since
2001Best
Animated
Short
Film
since
1931Best
Art
Direction
since
1928Best
Cinematography
since
1928Best
Costume
Design
since
1948Best
Director
since
1928Best
Documentary
Feature
since
1943Best
Documentary
Short
since
1941Best
Film
Editing
since
1935Best
Foreign
Language
Film
since
1947Best
Live
Action
Short
Film
since
1931Best
Makeup
since
1981Best
Original
Score
since
1934Best
Original
Song
since
1934Best
Picture
since
1928Best
Sound
Editing
since
1963Best
Sound
Mixing
since
1930Best
Visual
Effects
since
1939Best
Adapted
Screenplay
since
1928Best
Original
Screenplay
since
1940In
the
first
year
of
the
awards
the
Best
Director
award
was
split
into
two
separate
categories
Drama
and
Comedy
At
times
the
Best
Original
Score
award
has
also
been
split
into
separate
categories
Drama
and
Comedy
Musical
From
the
1930s
through
the
1960s
the
Art
Direction
Cinematography
and
Costume
Design
awards
were
likewise
split
into
two
separate
categories
black
and
white
films
and
color
films
Another
award
entitled
the
Academy
Award
for
Best
Original
Musical
is
still
in
the
Academy
rulebooks
and
has
yet
to
be
retired
However
due
to
continuous
insufficient
eligibility
each
year
it
has
not
been
awarded
since
1984
when
Purple
Rain
won
48
Retired
awardsBest
Assistant
Director
1933
to
1937Best
Dance
Direction
1935
to
1937Best
Engineering
Effects
1928
onlyBest
Original
Musical
or
Comedy
Score
1995
to
1999Best
Original
Story
1928
to
1956Best
Score
Adaptation
or
Treatment
1962
to
1969
1973Best
Short
Film
Color
1936
and
1937Best
Short
Film
Live
Action
2
Reels
1936
to
1956Best
Short
Film
Novelty
1932
to
1935Best
Title
Writing
1928
onlyBest
Unique
and
Artistic
Quality
of
Production
1928
only
Proposed
awardsThe
Board
of
Governors
meets
each
year
and
considers
new
awards
To
date
the
following
proposed
awards
have
not
been
approved
Best
Casting
rejected
in
1999Best
Stunt
Coordination
rejected
in
1999
rejected
in
2005
49
rejected
in
2011
50
Best
Title
Design
rejected
in
1999
Special
Academy
AwardsThese
awards
are
voted
on
by
special
committees
rather
than
by
the
Academy
membership
as
a
whole
but
the
individual
selected
to
receive
the
special
award
may
decline
the
offer
They
are
not
always
presented
on
a
consistent
annual
basis
Current
special
awardsAcademy
Honorary
Award
since
1929Academy
Scientific
and
Technical
Award
since
1931Gordon
E
Sawyer
Award
since
1981Jean
Hersholt
Humanitarian
Award
since
1956Irving
G
Thalberg
Memorial
Award
since
1938
Retired
special
awardsAcademy
Juvenile
Award
1934
to
1960Academy
Special
Achievement
Award
1972
to
1995
CriticismDue
to
the
positive
exposure
and
prestige
of
the
Academy
Awards
studios
spend
millions
of
dollars
and
hire
publicists
specifically
to
promote
their
films
during
what
is
typically
called
the
Oscar
season
This
has
generated
accusations
of
the
Academy
Awards
being
influenced
more
by
marketing
than
quality
William
Friedkin
an
Academy
Award
winning
film
director
and
former
producer
of
the
ceremony
expressed
this
sentiment
at
a
conference
in
New
York
in
2009
describing
it
as
the
greatest
promotion
scheme
that
any
industry
ever
devised
for
itself
51
In
addition
some
winners
critical
of
the
Academy
Awards
have
boycotted
the
ceremonies
and
refused
to
accept
their
Oscars
The
first
to
do
so
was
Dudley
Nichols
Best
Writing
in
1935
for
The
Informer
Nichols
boycotted
the
8th
Academy
Awards
ceremony
because
of
conflicts
between
the
Academy
and
the
Writers
Guild
52
George
C
Scott
became
the
second
person
to
refuse
his
award
Best
Actor
in
1970
for
Patton
at
the
43rd
Academy
Awards
ceremony
Scott
described
it
as
a
meat
parade
saying
I
don
t
want
any
part
of
it
53
54
55
The
third
winner
Marlon
Brando
refused
his
award
Best
Actor
in
1972
for
The
Godfather
citing
the
film
industry
s
discrimination
and
mistreatment
of
Native
Americans
At
the
45th
Academy
Awards
ceremony
Brando
sent
Sacheen
Littlefeather
to
read
a
15
page
speech
detailing
his
criticisms
52
Tim
Dirks
editor
of
AMC
s
filmsite
org
has
written
of
the
Academy
Awards
Unfortunately
the
critical
worth
artistic
vision
cultural
influence
and
innovative
qualities
of
many
films
are
not
given
the
same
voting
weight
Especially
since
the
1980s
moneymaking
formula
made
blockbusters
with
glossy
production
values
have
often
been
crowd
pleasing
titans
and
Best
Picture
winners
but
they
haven
t
necessarily
been
great
films
with
depth
or
critical
acclaim
by
any
measure
56
Acting
prizes
in
certain
years
have
been
criticized
for
not
recognizing
superior
performances
so
much
as
being
awarded
for
sentimental
reasons
57
personal
popularity
58
atonement
for
past
mistakes
59
or
presented
as
a
career
honor
to
recognize
a
distinguished
nominee
s
entire
body
of
work
60
Associated
eventsThe
following
events
are
closely
associated
with
the
annual
Academy
Awards
ceremony
Governors
AwardsThe
25th
Independent
Spirit
Awards
in
2010
usually
held
in
Santa
Monica
the
Saturday
before
the
Oscars
marked
the
first
time
it
was
moved
to
a
Friday
and
a
change
of
venue
to
L
A
Live
the
newly
built
entertainment
complex
developed
in
Downtown
Los
Angeles
The
8th
annual
Night
Before
traditionally
held
at
the
Beverly
Hills
Hotel
eight
years
running
in
2010
and
generally
known
as
THE
party
of
the
season
benefits
the
Motion
Picture
and
Television
Fund
which
operates
a
retirement
home
for
SAG
actors
in
the
San
Fernando
Valley
Elton
John
AIDS
Foundation
Academy
Award
Party
airs
the
awards
live
at
the
nearby
Pacific
Design
Center
The
Governors
Ball
is
the
Academy
s
official
after
party
including
dinner
and
is
held
adjacent
to
the
awards
presentation
venue
The
Vanity
Fair
after
party
historically
held
at
the
former
Morton
s
restaurant
is
now
for
the
2nd
year
when
at
the
Sunset
Towers
See
alsoBook
Academy
AwardsBook
Academy
Awards
for
Best
PictureWikipedia
books
are
collections
of
articles
that
can
be
downloaded
or
ordered
in
print
Academy
AwardportalFilmportalLos
AngelesportalAcademy
Awards
pre
showC
sar
Award
French
equivalent
Elton
John
AIDS
Foundation
Academy
Award
PartyGolden
Raspberry
AwardList
of
Academy
Award
recordsList
of
Academy
Award
winning
filmsList
of
Academy
Awards
ceremoniesList
of
Academy
Award
trophies
on
public
displayList
of
actors
who
have
appeared
in
multiple
Best
Picture
Academy
Award
winnersList
of
Asian
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
Australian
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
Big
Five
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
Black
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
British
and
Commonwealth
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
English
Academy
Award
nominees
and
winnersList
of
fictitious
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
foreign
language
films
nominated
for
Academy
AwardsList
of
French
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesLists
of
Hispanic
Academy
Award
winners
and
nominees
by
countryList
of
Italian
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
Latin
American
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
oldest
and
youngest
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
people
who
have
won
multiple
Academy
Awards
in
a
single
yearList
of
Polish
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
posthumous
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
presenters
of
Best
Picture
Academy
AwardList
of
Scandinavian
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
Spanish
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
superlative
Academy
Award
winners
and
nomineesList
of
years
in
filmOscar
season
Notes
About
the
Academy
Awards
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
Archived
from
the
original
on
April
7
2007
http
web
archive
org
web
20070407234926
http
www
oscars
org
aboutacademyawards
index
html
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Essex
Andrew
May
14
1999
The
Birth
of
Oscar
Entertainment
Weekly
http
www
ew
com
ew
article
0
273341
00
html
Retrieved
March
2
2011
a
b
c
History
of
the
Academy
Awards
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
http
www
oscars
org
awards
academyawards
about
history
html
A
Brief
History
of
the
Oscar
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
http
www
oscars
org
awards
academyawards
about
awards
oscar
html
Retrieved
January
23
2012
Oscar
Statuette
Legacy
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
http
www
oscars
org
awards
academyawards
about
awards
oscar
html
pn
statuette
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Academy
to
Commemorate
Oscar
Designer
Cedric
Gibbons
Press
release
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
May
3
2007
http
www
oscars
org
press
pressreleases
2000
00
05
03
html
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Muse
Fountain
http
www
hollywoodbowl
com
about
history
cfm
Eladio
Gonzalez
sands
and
buffs
Oscar
3453
The
Boston
Globe
February
20
2009
http
www
boston
com
bigpicture
2009
02
at
work
html
photo14
Retrieved
February
21
2009
Babwin
Don
January
27
2009
Oscar
3453
is
born
in
Chicago
factory
Associated
Press
Archived
from
the
original
on
January
27
2009
http
www
webcitation
org
5e8JdSe3B
Oscar
Statuette
Manufacturing
Shipping
and
Repairs
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
Archived
from
the
original
on
September
27
2007
http
web
archive
org
web
20070927134712
http
www
oscars
com
legacy
pn
statuette
amp
page
2
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Bette
Davis
biography
The
Internet
Movie
Database
http
www
imdb
com
name
nm0000012
bio
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Cinema
Oscars
Time
March
26
1934
http
www
time
com
time
magazine
article
0
9171
747239
00
html
Oscar
in
The
Oxford
English
Dictionary
June
2008
Draft
Revision
Levy
Emanuel
2003
All
About
Oscar
The
History
and
Politics
of
the
Academy
Awards
Continuum
New
York
ISBN
0
8264
1452
4
OSCAR
com
80th
Annual
Academy
Awards
Oscar
Statuette
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
http
www
oscar
com
oscarhistory
pn
statuette
In
Honor
of
King
Oscar
II
of
Norway
by
J
rn
K
Baltzersen
LewRockwell
com
Levy
2003
pg
28
Alan
Duke
December
12
2011
Orson
Welles
Citizen
Kane
Oscar
for
sale
CNN
com
http
www
cnn
com
2011
12
12
showbiz
orson
welles
oscar
index
html
Retrieved
December
12
2011
Lacey
Rose
February
28
2005
Psst
Wanna
Buy
An
Oscar
Forbes
http
www
forbes
com
2005
02
28
cx
lr
0228oscarsales
html
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Levy
2003
pg
29
Sandy
Cohen
January
30
2008
Academy
Sets
Oscars
Contingency
Plan
AOL
News
http
news
aol
com
entertainment
story
a
oscars
contingency
plan
20080130161309990001
Retrieved
March
19
2008
Jackie
Finlay
March
3
2006
The
men
who
are
counting
on
Oscar
BBC
News
http
news
bbc
co
uk
1
hi
entertainment
4769730
stm
Retrieved
April
13
2007
Academy
Invites
115
to
Become
Members
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
Archived
from
the
original
on
August
27
2007
http
web
archive
org
web
20070827031611
http
www
oscars
org
press
pressreleases
2007
07
06
18
html
Retrieved
September
4
2007
Rule
Two
Eligibility
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
http
www
oscars
org
awards
academyawards
rules
rule02
html
Retrieved
April
13
2007
The
Academy
and
its
Oscar
Awards
Reminder
List
of
Eligible
Releases
http
www
youbioit
com
en
article
shared
information
949
academy
and
its
oscar
awards
Rule
Five
Balloting
and
Nominations
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
http
www
oscars
org
awards
academyawards
rules
rule05
html
Retrieved
April
13
2007
International
Broadcasters
from
Oscars
com
Oscars
com
http
oscar
com
oscarnight
pn
internationalbroadcasters
dead
link
Nielsen
Press
Release
The
Nielsen
Company
s
2008
Guide
to
the
Academy
Awards
ABC
and
Academy
Extend
Oscar
Telecast
Agreement
Press
release
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
February
24
2011
http
www
oscars
org
press
pressreleases
2011
20110224b
html
Retrieved
February
24
2011
Tom
O
Neil
July
12
2010
Emmys
love
for
Oscars
continues
with
12
nominations
Los
Angeles
Times
http
goldderby
latimes
com
awards
goldderby
2010
07
emmys
love
for
oscars
continues
with
12
nominations
html
Retrieved
August
13
2010
Bill
Carter
April
8
1998
TV
Notes
Moving
Oscar
Night
New
York
Times
http
www
nytimes
com
1998
04
08
movies
tv
notes
moving
oscar
night
html
Retrieved
March
8
2010
Academy
Awards
will
move
to
Sunday
night
Reading
Eagle
July
1
1998
From
Google
News
Archive
Never
Say
Never
Academy
Awards
move
to
Sunday
The
Item
March
19
1999
From
Google
News
Archive
Child
Ben
March
10
2010
Farrah
Fawcett
Oscars
director
apologises
for
In
Memoriam
omission
The
Guardian
London
http
www
guardian
co
uk
film
2010
mar
10
oscars
farrah
fawcett
Retrieved
March
8
2010
Cohen
Sandy
March
3
2010
Oscar
s
In
Memoriam
segment
is
touching
to
watch
painful
to
make
USA
Today
Associated
Press
http
www
usatoday
com
life
movies
movieawards
oscars
2010
03
03
oscar
memorial
segment
N
htm
Retrieved
March
8
2010
Jones
Sam
February
16
2010
Cut
all
change
at
Oscars
as
winners
are
given
just
45
seconds
to
say
thanks
The
Guardian
London
http
www
guardian
co
uk
film
2010
feb
16
oscar
winners
speeches
cut
John
Horn
October
5
2010
Academy
looks
to
move
2012
Oscar
ceremony
up
several
weeks
Los
Angeles
Times
http
articles
latimes
com
2010
oct
05
entertainment
la
et
oscars
20101005
Retrieved
February
28
2011
Scott
Bowles
February
26
2008
Low
Oscar
Ratings
Cue
Soul
Searching
USAToday
http
www
usatoday
com
life
movies
movieawards
oscars
2008
02
26
oscar
ratings
N
htm
Retrieved
March
19
2008
Nikki
Finke
February
26
2007
UPDATE
39
9
Million
Watch
79th
Oscars
Nikki
Finke
s
Deadline
Hollywood
Daily
LA
Weekly
http
www
deadline
com
2007
02
overnights
show
2
nielsen
oscar
ratings
Retrieved
February
21
2011
Bill
Gorman
March
8
2010
Academy
Awards
Averages
41
3
Million
Viewers
Most
Since
2005
TVbytheNumbers
http
tvbythenumbers
com
2010
03
08
academy
awards
averages
41
3
million
viewers
most
since
2005
44217
Retrieved
March
12
2010
http
twitter
com
BillyCrystal
status
134744356602130432
James
Meg
February
23
2008
Academy
s
red
carpet
big
stage
for
advertisers
The
Seattle
Times
http
seattletimes
nwsource
com
html
businesstechnology
2004196530
oscarads23
html
Bowles
Scott
January
26
2005
Oscars
lack
blockbuster
to
lure
TV
viewers
USA
Today
http
www
usatoday
com
life
movies
movieawards
oscars
2005
01
26
oscar
telecast
x
htm
Retrieved
November
8
2006
Charts
and
Data
Top
100
TV
Shows
of
All
Time
by
Variety
Levin
Gary
March
7
2006
Low
Ratings
Crash
Party
USA
Today
http
www
usatoday
com
life
television
news
2006
03
07
nielsen
analysis
x
htm
Retrieved
April
14
2010
Oscar
ratings
worst
ever
The
Washington
Post
http
www
capecodonline
com
apps
pbcs
dll
article
AID
20080227
LIFE
802270307
Oscars
Award
Venues
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
Archived
from
the
original
on
December
12
2006
http
web
archive
org
web
20061212063803
http
www
oscars
org
aboutacademyawards
venues
html
Retrieved
April
13
2007
http
www
oscars
org
awards
academyawards
rules
rule16
html
Michael
Hiltzik
August
4
2005
One
stunt
they
ve
been
unable
to
pull
off
Los
Angeles
Times
http
theenvelope
latimes
com
movies
env
fi
stunts4aug04
0
3864314
story
coll
env
movies
Retrieved
April
13
2007
http
www
hollywoodreporter
com
race
academy
votes
creating
oscar
category
202123
Friedkin
William
Director
February
24
2009
Director
William
Friedkin
at
the
Hudson
Union
Society
http
fora
tv
2009
02
24
Director
William
Friedkin
at
the
Hudson
Union
Society
William
Friedkin
Says
Oscars
Simply
a
Promotion
Scheme
Retrieved
March
11
2009
a
b
The
Oscars
Did
You
Know
http
www
biography
com
oscars
oscars
didyouknow
jsp
Retrieved
June
18
2009
George
C
Scott
The
man
who
refused
an
Oscar
BBC
News
September
23
1999
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
obituaries
455563
stm
Show
Business
Meat
Parade
Time
March
8
1971
http
www
time
com
time
magazine
article
0
9171
904789
00
html
Fast
Facts
Did
You
Know
Biography
com
May
16
1929
http
www
biography
com
oscars
oscars
didyouknow
jsp
Retrieved
February
6
2010
Academy
Awards
The
Oscars
http
www
filmsite
org
oscars
html
Retrieved
October
4
2009
Taylor
Elizabeth
http
encyclopedia2
thefreedictionary
com
Taylor
Elizabeth
Retrieved
October
4
2009
What
s
the
worst
Best
Actor
choice
of
all
time
http
incontention
com
p
1045
Retrieved
October
4
2009
Being
an
Oscar
voter
doesn
t
mean
never
having
to
say
you
re
sorry
The
Los
Angeles
Times
http
latimesblogs
latimes
com
files
2009
02
being
a
member
html
Retrieved
October
4
2009
dead
link
All
about
Oscar
the
history
and
politics
of
the
Academy
Awards
The
Career
Oscars
2003
ISBN978
0
8264
1452
6
http
books
google
com
books
id
dH2Lb
YhIhAC
amp
pg
RA1
PA268
amp
lpg
RA1
PA268
amp
dq
Career
Oscars
particular
performance
for
which
an
artist
wins
serves
as
a
vehicle
to
reward
a
body
of
stellar
work
v
onepage
amp
q
amp
f
false
Retrieved
October
4
2009
ReferencesBrokaw
Lauren
2010
Wanna
see
an
Academy
Awards
invite
We
got
it
along
with
all
the
major
annual
events
surrounding
the
Oscars
Los
Angeles
The
Daily
Truffle
Cotte
Oliver
2007
Secrets
of
Oscar
winning
animation
Behind
the
scenes
of
13
classic
short
animations
Focal
Press
ISBN978
0
240
52070
4
Gail
K
and
Piazza
J
2002
The
Academy
Awards
The
Complete
History
of
Oscar
Black
Dog
amp
Leventhal
Publishers
Inc
ISBN
1
57912
240
X
Levy
Emanuel
2003
All
About
Oscar
The
History
and
Politics
of
the
Academy
Awards
New
York
Continuum
ISBN
0
8264
1452
4
Wright
Jon
2007
The
Lunacy
of
Oscar
The
Problems
with
Hollywood
s
Biggest
Night
Thomas
Publishing
Inc
External
linksMedia
and
images
from
CommonsLook
up
in
WiktionaryOfficial
websiteOscar
com
official
Academy
Award
ceremony
siteAcademy
Awards
at
the
Open
Directory
Project
Oscar
Greats
at
Time
magazineAcademy
Award
at
the
Internet
Movie
DatabaseAn
Interview
with
the
President
of
the
Academy
Tom
Sherak
President
of
the
Academy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
best
known
for
their
Academy
Awards
also
referred
to
as
Oscars
interviewed
on
the
role
of
film
in
society
vdeAcademy
AwardsAcademy
of
Motion
Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
AMPAS
RecordsOscar
seasonHistory
of
filmMerit
awardsBest
PictureBest
DirectorBest
Leading
ActorBest
Leading
ActressBest
Adapted
ScreenplayBest
Original
ScreenplayBest
Supporting
ActorBest
Supporting
ActressBest
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FeatureBest
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DirectionBest
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DesignBest
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FeatureBest
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SubjectBest
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EditingBest
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Language
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and
nominees
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MakeupBest
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ScoreBest
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SongBest
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FilmBest
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Action
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MixingBest
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EditingBest
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EffectsSpecial
awardsAcademy
Honorary
AwardSpecial
Achievement
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AwardAcademy
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and
Technical
AwardIrving
G
Thalberg
Memorial
AwardJean
Hersholt
Humanitarian
AwardGordon
E
Sawyer
AwardRetired
awardsBest
Assistant
DirectorBest
Dance
DirectionBest
Director
of
a
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PictureBest
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EffectsBest
Short
Subject
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reelBest
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Subject
ColorBest
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Subject
NoveltyBest
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MusicalBest
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Title
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Unique
and
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Quality
of
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Juvenile
AwardCeremonies
Book
1927
281928
291929
301930
311931
321932
33193419351936193719381939194019411942194319441945194619471948194919501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011
Book
Category
PortalvdeAcademy
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listsAcademy
of
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Picture
Arts
and
Sciences
AMPAS
RecordsOscar
seasonHistory
of
filmCombined
Major
OscarsSuperlativesBig
FiveBig
ThreeAll
four
acting
categoriesCombined
Major
AwardsAcademy
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and
Tony
Award
careersAcademy
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and
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s
Choice
performancesOscar
amp
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Globe
Best
PicturesActingActor
by
actor
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age
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film
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age
by
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yearsPosthumousBest
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amp
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of
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yearFilm
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and
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and
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by
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CityNew
YorkMiscellaneousBox
officeHollywoodProduction
companiesAFI
s
100
Years
National
Film
RegistryRetrieved
from
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en
wikipedia
org
w
index
php
title
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amp
oldid
477662982
Categories
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2011
jeremy lin espn
LEER
lent
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopediaJump
to
navigation
search
Cuaresma
redirects
here
For
other
uses
see
Quaresma
disambiguation
This
article
is
about
the
observance
of
Lent
in
Western
Christianity
For
Lent
in
Orthodox
Christianity
see
Great
Lent
For
other
uses
see
Lent
disambiguation
Acolytes
extinguishing
candles
on
an
altar
adorned
in
violet
for
Lent
Note
the
cross
and
statues
are
often
draped
in
violet
and
no
flowers
or
offerings
are
in
display
Ash
Wednesday
Minnesota
Lent
celebrants
carrying
out
a
street
procession
during
Holy
Week
The
violet
color
is
often
associated
with
penance
and
detachment
Similar
Catholic
penitential
practice
is
seen
in
other
countries
sometimes
associated
with
mortification
of
the
flesh
Granada
Nicaragua
Lent
also
known
as
Quadragesima
Latin
Forty
1
is
the
Christian
observance
of
the
liturgical
year
from
Ash
Wednesday
to
Easter
Sunday
The
traditional
purpose
of
Lent
is
the
penitential
preparation
of
the
believer
through
prayer
penance
repentance
almsgiving
and
self
denial
Its
institutional
purpose
is
heightened
in
the
annual
commemoration
of
Holy
Week
marking
the
Death
and
Resurrection
of
Jesus
which
recalls
the
events
of
the
Passion
of
Christ
on
Good
Friday
which
then
culminates
in
Easter
Sunday
marking
the
celebration
of
the
Resurrection
of
Jesus
Christ
During
Lenten
season
some
faithful
observants
generally
commit
to
a
form
of
fasting
or
temporarily
give
up
certain
types
of
luxury
Many
Roman
Catholic
and
some
Protestant
parishes
often
bare
their
altars
of
candles
flowers
and
other
devotional
offerings
while
Crucifixes
religious
statues
and
other
elaborate
religious
paraphernalia
are
often
veiled
in
violet
fabrics
in
pious
observance
of
this
event
Among
certain
pious
Catholic
countries
grand
processions
and
cultural
customs
are
observed
while
the
faithful
attempt
to
visit
seven
churches
during
Holy
Week
in
honor
of
Jesus
Christ
heading
to
Mount
Calvary
by
observing
the
Fourteen
Stations
of
the
Cross
According
to
the
Synoptic
gospels
of
Matthew
Mark
and
Luke
Jesus
spent
forty
days
fasting
in
the
desert
before
the
beginning
of
his
public
ministry
where
he
endured
temptation
by
Satan
2
3
Thus
Lent
is
described
as
being
forty
days
long
though
different
denominations
calculate
the
forty
days
differently
In
many
of
the
Christian
churches
Lent
is
regarded
as
being
forty
days
long
but
the
Sundays
between
Shrove
Tuesday
and
Easter
Sunday
are
not
typically
regarded
as
being
part
of
Lent
thus
the
date
of
Shrove
Tuesday
will
typically
be
slightly
more
than
forty
days
before
Easter
Sunday
This
event
along
with
its
pious
customs
are
observed
by
Roman
Catholics
Lutherans
Methodists
Presbyterians
Anglicans
and
some
Baptists
4
4
5
5
Lent
is
increasingly
being
observed
by
other
denominations
as
well
even
such
groups
that
have
historically
ignored
Lent
such
as
some
Baptists
and
Mennonites
6
Contents1
Duration2
Other
related
fasting
periods3
Etymology4
Associated
customs4
1
Pre
Lenten
festivals4
2
Fasting
and
abstinence5
Holy
days6
See
also7
References8
External
links
DurationMost
followers
of
Western
Christianity
observe
Lent
beginning
on
Ash
Wednesday
and
concluding
on
Holy
Thursday
3
7
The
six
Sundays
in
this
period
are
not
counted
because
each
one
represents
a
mini
Easter
a
celebration
of
Jesus
victory
over
sin
and
death
2
One
notable
exception
is
the
Archdiocese
of
Milan
which
follows
the
Ambrosian
Rite
and
observes
Lent
starting
on
the
Sunday
6
weeks
before
Easter
8
Since
the
Second
Vatican
Council
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
has
redefined
Good
Friday
into
Holy
Saturday
as
the
first
two
days
of
the
Easter
Triduum
rather
than
the
last
two
days
of
Lent
but
Lenten
observances
are
maintained
until
the
Easter
Vigil
In
those
churches
which
follow
the
Rite
of
Constantinople
e
g
Eastern
Orthodox
and
Eastern
Catholics
the
forty
days
of
Lent
are
counted
differently
also
the
date
of
Pascha
Easter
is
calculated
differently
in
the
East
than
in
the
West
see
Computus
The
fast
begins
on
Clean
Monday
and
Sundays
are
included
in
the
count
thus
counting
uninterruptedly
from
Clean
Monday
Great
Lent
ends
on
the
fortieth
consecutive
day
which
is
the
Friday
before
Palm
Sunday
The
days
of
Lazarus
Saturday
Palm
Sunday
and
Holy
Week
are
considered
a
distinct
period
of
fasting
For
more
detailed
information
about
the
Eastern
Christian
practice
of
Lent
see
the
article
Great
Lent
Among
Oriental
Orthodox
Christians
there
are
various
local
traditions
regarding
Lent
The
Coptic
Ethiopian
and
Eritrean
Orthodox
Churches
observe
eight
weeks
of
Lent
which
with
both
Saturdays
and
Sundays
exempt
has
forty
days
of
fasting
8
The
first
seven
days
of
the
fast
are
considered
by
some
to
be
an
optional
time
of
preparation
citation
needed
Others
attribute
these
seven
days
to
the
fast
of
Holofernes
who
asked
the
Syrian
Christians
to
fast
for
him
after
they
requested
his
assistance
to
repel
the
invading
pagan
Persians
Joyous
Saturday
and
the
week
preceding
it
are
counted
separately
from
the
forty
day
fast
in
accordance
with
the
Apostolic
Constitutions
giving
an
extra
eight
days
Other
related
fasting
periodsThe
number
forty
has
many
Biblical
references
the
forty
days
Moses
spent
on
Mount
Sinai
with
God
Exodus
24
18
the
forty
days
and
nights
Elijah
spent
walking
to
Mount
Horeb
1Kings
19
8
the
forty
days
and
nights
God
sent
rain
in
the
great
flood
of
Noah
Genesis
7
4
the
forty
years
the
Hebrew
people
wandered
in
the
desert
while
traveling
to
the
Promised
Land
Numbers
14
33
the
forty
days
Jonah
in
his
prophecy
of
judgment
gave
the
city
of
Nineveh
in
which
to
repent
Jonah
3
4
Jesus
retreated
into
the
wilderness
where
he
fasted
for
forty
days
and
was
tempted
by
the
devil
Matthew
4
1
2
Mark
1
12
13
Luke
4
1
2
He
overcame
all
three
of
Satan
s
temptations
by
citing
scripture
to
the
devil
at
which
point
the
devil
left
him
angels
ministered
to
Jesus
and
he
began
his
ministry
Jesus
further
said
that
his
disciples
should
fast
when
the
bridegroom
shall
be
taken
from
them
Matthew
9
15
a
reference
to
his
Passion
Since
presumably
the
Apostles
fasted
as
they
mourned
the
death
of
Jesus
Christians
have
traditionally
fasted
during
the
annual
commemoration
of
his
burial
It
is
the
traditional
belief
that
Jesus
lay
for
forty
hours
in
the
tomb
8
which
led
to
the
forty
hours
of
total
fast
that
preceded
the
Easter
celebration
in
the
early
Church
9
the
biblical
reference
to
three
days
in
the
tomb
is
understood
as
spanning
three
days
from
Friday
afternoon
to
early
Sunday
morning
rather
than
three
24
hour
periods
of
time
One
of
the
most
important
ceremonies
at
Easter
was
the
baptism
of
the
initiates
on
Easter
Eve
The
fast
was
initially
undertaken
by
the
catechumens
to
prepare
them
for
the
reception
of
this
sacrament
Later
the
period
of
fasting
from
Good
Friday
until
Easter
Day
was
extended
to
six
days
to
correspond
with
the
six
weeks
of
training
necessary
to
give
the
final
instruction
to
those
converts
who
were
to
be
baptized
Converts
to
Christianity
followed
a
strict
catechumenate
or
period
of
instruction
and
discipline
prior
to
baptism
In
Jerusalem
near
the
close
of
the
fourth
century
classes
were
held
throughout
Lent
for
three
hours
each
day
With
the
legalization
of
Christianity
by
the
Edict
of
Milan
and
its
later
imposition
as
the
state
religion
of
the
Roman
Empire
its
character
was
endangered
by
the
great
influx
of
new
members
In
response
the
Lenten
fast
and
practices
of
self
renunciation
were
required
annually
of
all
Christians
both
to
show
solidarity
with
the
catechumens
and
for
their
own
spiritual
benefit
EtymologyIn
Latin
the
term
quadragesima
translation
of
the
original
Greek
Tessarakost
the
fortieth
day
before
Easter
is
used
This
nomenclature
is
preserved
in
Romance
Slavic
and
Celtic
languages
for
example
Spanish
cuaresma
Portuguese
quaresma
French
car
me
Italian
quaresima
Romanian
p
resimi
Croatian
korizma
Irish
Carghas
and
Welsh
C
a
rawys
In
the
late
Middle
Ages
as
sermons
began
to
be
given
in
the
vernacular
instead
of
Latin
the
English
word
lent
was
adopted
This
word
initially
simply
meant
spring
as
in
the
German
language
Lenz
and
Dutch
lente
and
derives
from
the
Germanic
root
for
long
because
in
the
spring
the
days
visibly
lengthen
10
Associated
customsThere
are
traditionally
forty
days
in
Lent
which
are
marked
by
fasting
both
from
foods
and
festivities
and
by
other
acts
of
penance
The
three
traditional
practices
to
be
taken
up
with
renewed
vigour
during
Lent
are
prayer
justice
towards
God
fasting
justice
towards
self
and
almsgiving
justice
towards
neighbour
Today
some
people
give
up
a
vice
of
theirs
add
something
that
will
bring
them
closer
to
God
and
often
give
the
time
or
money
spent
doing
that
to
charitable
purposes
or
organizations
11
In
many
liturgical
Christian
denominations
Good
Friday
Holy
Saturday
and
Easter
Sunday
form
the
Easter
Triduum
12
Lent
is
a
season
of
grief
that
necessarily
ends
with
a
great
celebration
of
Easter
It
is
known
in
Eastern
Orthodox
circles
as
the
season
of
Bright
Sadness
It
is
a
season
of
sorrowful
reflection
which
is
punctuated
by
breaks
in
the
fast
on
Sundays
In
the
Roman
Catholic
Mass
Lutheran
Divine
Service
and
Anglican
Eucharist
the
Gloria
in
Excelsis
Deo
is
not
sung
during
the
Lenten
season
disappearing
on
Ash
Wednesday
and
not
returning
until
the
moment
of
the
Resurrection
during
the
Easter
Vigil
On
major
feast
days
the
Gloria
in
Excelsis
Deo
is
recited
but
this
in
no
way
diminishes
the
penitential
character
of
the
season
it
simply
reflects
the
joyful
character
of
the
Mass
of
the
day
in
question
It
is
also
used
in
the
Mass
of
the
Lord
s
Supper
Likewise
the
Alleluia
is
not
sung
during
Lent
it
is
replaced
before
the
Gospel
reading
by
a
seasonal
acclamation
In
the
pre
1970
form
of
the
Roman
Rite
omission
of
the
Alleluia
begins
with
Septuagesima
In
the
Byzantine
Rite
the
Gloria
Great
Doxology
continues
to
be
used
in
its
normal
place
in
the
Matins
service
and
the
Alleluia
appears
all
the
more
frequently
replacing
God
is
the
Lord
at
Matins
In
pre
1970
forms
of
the
Roman
Rite
the
last
two
weeks
of
Lent
are
known
as
Passiontide
a
period
beginning
on
the
Fifth
Sunday
in
Lent
which
in
the
1962
edition
of
the
Roman
Missal
is
called
the
First
Sunday
in
Passiontide
and
in
earlier
editions
Passion
Sunday
All
statues
and
in
England
paintings
as
well
in
the
church
were
traditionally
veiled
in
violet
This
was
seen
as
in
keeping
with
the
Gospel
of
that
Sunday
John
8
46
59
in
which
Jesus
hid
himself
from
the
people
The
veils
were
removed
at
the
singing
of
the
Gloria
during
the
Easter
Vigil
In
1970
the
name
Passiontide
was
dropped
although
the
last
two
weeks
are
markedly
different
from
the
rest
of
the
season
and
continuance
of
the
tradition
of
veiling
images
is
left
to
the
decision
of
a
country
s
conference
of
bishops
Pre
Lenten
festivalsMain
articles
Carnival
Mardi
Gras
Swabian
Alemannic
Fastnacht
Maslenitsa
Pancake
Day
and
BaklahoraniLent
personified
at
a
Carnival
celebration
Detail
of
1559
painting
The
Battle
between
Carnival
and
Lent
by
Pieter
Bruegel
the
ElderPile
of
straw
with
a
fir
tree
and
a
witch
doll
attached
to
it
for
the
traditional
Funken
bonfire
on
the
First
Sunday
of
Lent
in
Herdwangen
Baden
W
rttemberg
GermanyThe
Funken
set
ablazeThe
traditional
carnival
celebrations
which
precede
Lent
in
many
cultures
have
become
associated
with
the
season
of
fasting
if
only
because
they
are
a
last
opportunity
for
excess
before
Lent
begins
The
most
famous
pre
Lenten
carnival
in
the
world
is
celebrated
in
Rio
de
Janeiro
other
famous
Carnivals
are
held
in
Trinidad
amp
Tobago
Venice
Cologne
Mobile
AL
and
New
Orleans
It
is
known
by
the
name
Mardi
Gras
Shrove
Tuesday
or
Fat
Tuesday
Fasting
and
abstinenceFasting
during
Lent
was
more
severe
in
ancient
times
than
today
Socrates
Scholasticus
reports
that
in
some
places
all
animal
products
were
strictly
forbidden
while
others
will
permit
fish
others
permit
fish
and
fowl
others
prohibit
fruit
and
eggs
and
still
others
eat
only
bread
In
some
places
believers
abstained
from
food
for
an
entire
day
others
took
only
one
meal
each
day
while
others
abstained
from
all
food
until
3
o
clock
In
most
places
however
the
practice
was
to
abstain
from
eating
until
the
evening
when
a
small
meal
without
vegetables
or
alcohol
was
eaten
citation
needed
During
the
early
Middle
Ages
meat
eggs
and
dairy
products
were
generally
forbidden
Thomas
Aquinas
argued
that
they
afford
greater
pleasure
as
food
than
fish
and
greater
nourishment
to
the
human
body
so
that
from
their
consumption
there
results
a
greater
surplus
available
for
seminal
matter
which
when
abundant
becomes
a
great
incentive
to
lust
13
However
dispensations
for
dairy
products
were
given
frequently
for
a
donation
citation
needed
from
which
several
churches
are
popularly
believed
to
have
been
built
including
the
Butter
Tower
of
the
Rouen
Cathedral
In
Spain
the
bull
of
the
Holy
Crusade
renewed
periodically
after
1492
allowed
the
consumption
of
dairy
products
14
and
eggs
during
Lent
in
exchange
for
a
contribution
to
the
conflict
Giraldus
Cambrensis
in
his
Itinerary
of
Archbishop
Baldwin
through
Wales
reports
that
in
Germany
and
the
arctic
regions
great
and
religious
persons
eat
the
tail
of
beavers
as
fish
because
of
its
superficial
resemblance
to
a
fish
and
their
relative
abundance
15
In
current
Western
societies
the
practice
is
considerably
relaxed
though
in
the
Eastern
Orthodox
Oriental
Orthodox
and
Eastern
Catholic
Churches
abstinence
from
all
animal
products
including
fish
eggs
fowl
and
milk
sourced
from
animals
e
g
goats
and
cows
as
opposed
to
the
milk
of
soy
beans
and
coconuts
is
still
commonly
practiced
meaning
only
vegetarian
vegan
meals
are
consumed
in
many
Eastern
countries
for
the
entire
fifty
five
days
of
their
Lent
In
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
it
is
traditional
to
abstain
from
meat
from
mammals
and
fowl
on
Ash
Wednesday
and
every
Friday
for
the
duration
of
Lent
although
fish
and
dairy
products
are
still
permitted
On
Ash
Wednesday
and
Good
Friday
it
is
customary
to
fast
for
the
day
with
no
meat
eating
only
one
full
meal
and
if
necessary
two
small
meals
also
16
Pursuant
to
Canon
1253
days
of
fasting
and
abstinence
are
set
by
the
national
Episcopal
Conference
On
days
of
fasting
one
eats
only
one
full
meal
but
may
eat
two
smaller
meals
as
necessary
to
keep
up
one
s
strength
The
two
small
meals
together
must
sum
to
less
than
the
one
full
meal
Parallel
to
the
fasting
laws
are
the
laws
of
abstinence
These
bind
those
over
the
age
of
fourteen
On
days
of
abstinence
the
person
must
not
eat
meat
or
poultry
According
to
canon
law
all
Fridays
of
the
year
Ash
Wednesday
and
several
other
days
are
days
of
abstinence
though
in
most
countries
the
strict
requirements
for
abstinence
have
been
limited
by
the
bishops
in
accordance
with
Canon
1253
to
the
Fridays
of
Lent
and
Ash
Wednesday
On
other
abstinence
days
the
faithful
are
invited
to
perform
some
other
act
of
penance
A
custom
that
developed
later
was
to
also
give
up
something
a
person
enjoyed
receiving
or
doing
for
the
duration
of
Lent
Although
it
is
not
required
or
part
of
any
rule
many
Christians
today
will
also
choose
to
give
up
something
during
the
Lenten
period
In
some
years
there
have
been
exceptions
to
abstinence
on
Fridays
during
the
Lenten
Season
If
Saint
Patrick
s
Day
17
March
falls
on
a
Friday
during
Lent
the
local
Bishop
can
dispense
with
the
rules
and
Catholics
can
eat
meat
This
is
especially
true
in
the
United
States
among
areas
with
large
Irish
American
populations
who
eat
corned
beef
on
St
Patrick
s
Day
Approximately
one
third
of
all
Catholic
dioceses
in
the
United
States
grant
such
a
dispensation
17
The
same
is
true
for
the
feasts
of
St
Joseph
and
the
Annunciation
which
are
always
19
and
25
March
respectively
If
the
feasts
19
March
or
25
March
fall
on
a
Friday
during
Lent
then
the
obligation
to
abstain
is
abrogated
18
Contemporary
legislation
is
rooted
in
the
1966
Apostolic
Constitution
of
Pope
Paul
VI
Paenitemini
He
recommended
that
fasting
be
appropriate
to
the
local
economic
situation
and
that
all
Catholics
voluntarily
fast
and
abstain
He
also
allowed
that
fasting
and
abstinence
might
be
substituted
with
prayer
and
works
of
charity
Traditionally
on
Easter
Sunday
Roman
Catholics
may
cease
their
fasting
and
start
again
whatever
they
gave
up
for
Lent
after
they
attend
Mass
on
Easter
Sunday
Orthodox
Christians
break
their
fast
after
the
Paschal
Vigil
a
service
which
starts
around
11
00pm
on
Holy
Saturday
which
includes
the
Paschal
celebration
of
the
Divine
Liturgy
of
St
John
Chrysostom
At
the
end
of
the
service
the
priest
will
bless
eggs
cheese
flesh
meats
and
other
items
that
the
faithful
have
been
abstaining
from
for
the
duration
of
Great
Lent
Lenten
practices
as
well
as
various
other
liturgical
practices
are
more
common
in
Protestant
circles
than
they
once
were
Many
modern
Protestants
consider
the
observation
of
Lent
to
be
a
choice
rather
than
an
obligation
They
may
decide
to
give
up
a
favorite
food
or
drink
e
g
chocolate
alcohol
or
activity
e
g
going
to
the
movies
playing
video
games
etc
for
Lent
or
they
may
instead
take
on
a
Lenten
discipline
such
as
devotions
volunteering
for
charity
work
and
so
on
In
the
Reformed
tradition
Lent
is
rejected
Ulrich
Zwingli
considered
the
initial
leader
of
the
Reformed
movement
in
Switzerland
made
the
Lenten
fast
representative
of
the
difference
between
the
traditional
sacramentalism
of
the
Catholic
Church
and
the
belief
in
sola
fide
that
he
was
beginning
to
espouse
On
the
first
fasting
Sunday
9
March
Zwingli
and
about
a
dozen
other
supporters
purposely
and
publicly
violated
the
Lenten
fast
by
cutting
and
distributing
two
smoked
sausages
Since
then
the
Reformed
movement
including
the
Puritans
in
the
English
speaking
world
have
not
observed
Lent
sometimes
making
a
demonstration
of
their
rejection
of
it
Liturgical
yearWesternAdventChristmastideEpiphanyPre
LentLentEaster
TriduumEastertideAscensiontidePentecostOrdinary
TimeEasternFeast
of
CrossNativity
FastNativityTheophanyGreat
LentPaschaPentecostApostles
FastGreat
FeastsTransfigurationDormitionProtection
Holy
daysSee
also
Easter
TriduumThere
are
several
holy
days
within
the
season
of
Lent
Ash
Wednesday
is
the
first
day
of
Lent
in
Western
ChristianityClean
Monday
or
Ash
Monday
is
the
first
day
in
Eastern
Orthodox
ChristianityThe
fourth
Lenten
Sunday
which
marks
the
halfway
point
between
Ash
Wednesday
and
Easter
is
sometimes
referred
to
as
Laetare
Sunday
particularly
by
Roman
Catholics
and
Mothering
Sunday
which
has
become
synonymous
with
Mother
s
Day
in
the
United
Kingdom
However
its
origin
is
a
sixteenth
century
celebration
of
the
Mother
Church
On
Laetare
Sunday
the
priest
has
the
option
of
wearing
vestments
of
rose
pink
instead
of
violet
The
fifth
Lenten
Sunday
also
known
as
Passion
Sunday
however
that
term
is
also
applied
to
Palm
Sunday
marks
the
beginning
of
PassiontideThe
sixth
Lenten
Sunday
commonly
called
Palm
Sunday
marks
the
beginning
of
Holy
Week
the
final
week
of
Lent
immediately
preceding
EasterWednesday
of
Holy
Week
is
known
as
Spy
Wednesday
to
commemorate
the
days
on
which
Judas
spied
on
Jesus
in
the
garden
of
Gethsemane
before
betraying
himThursday
is
known
as
Maundy
Thursday
or
Holy
Thursday
and
is
a
day
Christians
commemorate
the
Last
Supper
shared
by
Christ
with
his
disciplesGood
Friday
follows
the
next
day
on
which
Christians
remember
Jesus
crucifixion
and
burialCross
veiled
during
Passiontide
in
Lent
Pfarrkirche
St
Martin
in
Tannheim
Baden
W
rttemberg
Germany
In
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
the
Easter
Triduum
is
a
three
day
event
that
begins
with
the
entrance
hymn
of
the
Mass
of
the
Lord
s
Supper
After
this
Holy
Thursday
evening
celebration
the
consecrated
hosts
are
taken
from
the
altar
solemnly
to
a
place
of
reposition
where
the
faithful
are
invited
to
worship
the
holy
Body
of
Christ
On
the
next
day
the
liturgical
commemoration
of
the
Passion
of
Jesus
Christ
is
celebrated
at
3pm
unless
a
later
time
is
chosen
due
to
work
schedules
This
service
consists
of
readings
from
the
Scriptures
especially
John
the
Evangelist
s
account
of
the
Passion
of
Jesus
followed
by
prayers
adoration
of
the
cross
of
Jesus
and
a
communion
service
at
which
the
hosts
consecrated
at
the
evening
Mass
of
the
day
before
are
distributed
The
Easter
Vigil
during
the
night
between
Holy
Saturday
afternoon
and
Easter
Sunday
morning
starts
with
the
blessing
of
a
fire
and
a
special
candle
and
with
readings
from
Scripture
associated
with
baptism
then
the
Gloria
in
Excelsis
Deo
is
sung
water
is
blessed
baptism
and
confirmation
of
adults
may
take
place
and
the
people
are
invited
to
renew
the
promises
of
their
own
baptism
and
finally
Mass
is
celebrated
in
the
usual
way
from
the
Preparation
of
the
Gifts
onwards
Holy
Week
and
the
season
of
Lent
depending
on
denomination
and
local
custom
end
with
Easter
Vigil
at
sundown
on
Holy
Saturday
or
on
the
morning
of
Easter
Sunday
It
is
custom
for
some
churches
to
hold
sunrise
services
which
include
open
air
celebrations
in
some
places
In
the
Roman
Catholic
Lutheran
and
many
Anglican
churches
the
priest
s
vestments
are
violet
during
the
season
of
Lent
On
the
fourth
Sunday
in
Lent
rose
coloured
vestments
may
be
worn
in
lieu
of
violet
In
some
Anglican
churches
a
type
of
unbleached
linen
or
muslin
known
as
Lenten
array
is
used
during
the
first
three
weeks
of
Lent
and
crimson
during
Passiontide
On
holy
days
the
colour
proper
to
the
day
is
worn
citation
needed
See
alsoChristianityportalAsceticismCold
Food
FestivalEastern
Orthodox
Church
FastingFasting
and
abstinence
in
the
Roman
Catholic
ChurchFasting
and
abstinence
of
the
Coptic
Orthodox
Church
of
AlexandriaFast
of
NinevehPeople
s
SundayQuinquagesimaRamadanCounting
of
the
OmerTisha
B
AvVassa
References
http
www
newadvent
org
cathen
09152a
htm
a
b
What
is
Lent
and
why
does
it
last
forty
days
The
United
Methodist
Church
http
archives
umc
org
interior
asp
ptid
1
amp
mid
2870
Retrieved
24
August
2007
a
b
The
Liturgical
Year
The
Anglican
Catholic
Church
http
www
anglicancatholic
org
dmas
litdescp
html
Retrieved
24
August
2007
a
b
Comparative
Religion
For
Dummies
For
Dummies
http
books
google
com
books
id
oTtcFiGbW2kC
amp
pg
PA98
amp
dq
lent
lutheran
catholic
methodist
amp
hl
en
amp
ei
4NF2Tf3LLsL
rAGmtoBf
amp
sa
X
amp
oi
book
result
amp
ct
result
amp
resnum
8
amp
ved
0CFUQ6AEwBw
v
onepage
amp
q
lent
20lutheran
20catholic
20methodist
amp
f
false
Retrieved
8
March
2011
a
b
William
P
Lazarus
Mark
Sullivan
Comparative
Religion
For
Dummies
For
Dummies
http
books
google
com
books
id
oTtcFiGbW2kC
amp
pg
PA98
amp
dq
lent
lutheran
catholic
methodist
amp
hl
en
amp
ei
4NF2Tf3LLsL
rAGmtoBf
amp
sa
X
amp
oi
book
result
amp
ct
result
amp
resnum
8
amp
ved
0CFUQ6AEwBw
v
onepage
amp
q
lent
20lutheran
20catholic
20methodist
amp
f
false
Retrieved
8
March
2011
http
www
thirdway
com
menno
glossary
asp
ID
121
Thurston
Herbert
1910
Lent
The
Catholic
Encyclopedia
IX
New
York
Robert
Appleton
Company
http
www
newadvent
org
cathen
09152a
htm
Retrieved
15
February
2008
a
b
c
Catholic
Encyclopedia
Lent
See
paragraph
Duration
of
the
Fast
Lent
amp
Beyond
Dr
Peter
Toon
From
Septuagesima
to
Quadragesima
web
site
gone
no
alternate
source
found
originally
cited
27
August
2010
Lent
Online
Etymology
Dictionary
Retrieved
8
March
2009
Lent
disciplines
and
practices
Spirit
Home
http
www
spirithome
com
lent
html
Retrieved
27
August
2010
self
published
source
General
Norms
for
the
Liturgical
Year
and
the
Calendar
19
Catholicliturgy
com
http
www
catholicliturgy
com
index
cfm
FuseAction
documentText
Index
2
SubIndex
38
ContentIndex
101
Start
97
Retrieved
27
August
2010
Summa
Theologica
Q147a8
Newadvent
org
http
www
newadvent
org
summa
3147
htm
8
Retrieved
27
August
2010
Millennium
Fear
and
Religion
Archived
from
the
original
on
18
August
2002
http
web
archive
org
web
20020818085800
http
www
ull
es
congresos
conmirel
torres1
html
Baldwin
s
Itinerary
Through
Wales
No
2
by
Giraldus
Cambrensis
Gutenberg
org
31
December
2001
http
www
gutenberg
org
cache
epub
1148
pg1148
html
Retrieved
27
August
2010
Colin
B
Donovan
Fast
and
Abstinence
Retrieved
28
December
2007
Engber
Daniel
15
March
2006
Thou
Shalt
Eat
Corned
Beef
on
Friday
Who
Sets
the
Rules
on
Lent
Slate
http
www
slate
com
id
2138120
Retrieved
13
February
2010
Canon
1251
of
the
Code
of
Canon
Law
Vatican
va
http
www
vatican
va
archive
ENG1104
P4O
HTM
Retrieved
27
August
2010
External
linksLook
up
Lent
in
Wiktionary
the
free
dictionary
The
Lenten
Season
and
How
To
Observe
LentLent
Catholic
EncyclopediaUnited
Methodist
Church
Lent
and
Easter
ResourcesvdeEasterMain
topicsControversiesDateEaster
SundayEtymologyObservancesTraditionsChristianityApostles
FastBright
WeekBurial
of
JesusCrucifixion
of
JesusDormition
of
the
TheotokosEaster
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FridayGood
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Friday
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for
the
Jews
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LentJesus
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SupperLentLumen
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nCroatian
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of
EasterPalm
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ostreMaslenitsaSalzburg
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from
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en
wikipedia
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index
php
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amp
oldid
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alicia keys
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopedia
Redirected
from
Alicia
keys
Jump
to
navigation
searchAlicia
KeysKeys
in
South
Africa
for
the
2010
FIFA
World
Cup
kick
off
concert
Background
informationBirth
nameAlicia
Augello
CookAlso
known
asLellowBornJanuary
25
1981
1981
01
25
age31
OriginNew
York
City
United
StatesGenresSoul
R
amp
B
pop
hip
hop
jazz
neo
soul
electronicOccupationssinger
songwriter
record
producer
actressInstrumentsVocals
piano
keyboards
cello
synthesizer
vocoder
guitar
bass
guitarYears
active1997
presentLabelsRCA
J
Arista
ColumbiaWebsitealiciakeys
comAlicia
Augello
Cook
born
January
25
1981
better
known
by
her
stage
name
Alicia
Keys
is
an
American
R
amp
B
singer
songwriter
record
producer
and
actress
Keys
was
raised
by
a
single
mother
in
the
Hell
s
Kitchen
area
of
Manhattan
in
New
York
City
At
age
seven
Keys
began
playing
the
piano
She
attended
Professional
Performing
Arts
School
and
graduated
at
16
as
valedictorian
Keys
released
her
debut
album
with
J
Records
having
had
previous
record
deals
first
with
Columbia
and
then
Arista
Records
Keys
debut
album
Songs
in
A
Minor
was
a
commercial
success
selling
over
12
million
copies
worldwide
1
She
became
the
best
selling
new
artist
and
best
selling
R
amp
B
artist
of
2001
2
The
album
earned
Keys
five
Grammy
Awards
in
2002
including
Best
New
Artist
and
Song
of
the
Year
for
Fallin
3
Her
second
studio
album
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
was
released
in
2003
and
was
also
another
success
worldwide
selling
eight
million
copies
4
The
album
garnered
her
an
additional
four
Grammy
Awards
in
2005
5
Later
that
year
she
released
her
first
live
album
Unplugged
which
debuted
at
number
one
in
the
United
States
6
She
became
the
first
female
to
have
an
MTV
Unplugged
album
to
debut
at
number
one
and
the
highest
since
Nirvana
in
1994
2
Keys
made
guest
appearances
on
several
television
series
in
the
following
years
beginning
with
Charmed
She
made
her
film
debut
in
Smokin
Aces
and
went
on
to
appear
in
The
Nanny
Diaries
in
2007
Her
third
studio
album
As
I
Am
was
released
in
the
same
year
and
sold
six
million
copies
worldwide
earning
Keys
an
additional
three
Grammy
Awards
The
following
year
she
appeared
in
The
Secret
Life
of
Bees
which
earned
her
a
nomination
at
the
NAACP
Image
Awards
She
released
her
fourth
album
The
Element
of
Freedom
in
December
2009
which
became
Keys
first
chart
topping
album
in
the
United
Kingdom
Throughout
her
career
Keys
has
won
numerous
awards
and
has
sold
over
30
million
albums
worldwide
and
25
million
singles
which
makes
her
one
of
the
best
selling
artists
of
all
time
Billboard
magazine
named
her
the
top
R
amp
B
artist
of
the
2000
2009
decade
establishing
herself
as
one
of
the
best
selling
artists
of
her
time
In
2010
VH1
included
Keys
on
its
list
of
the
100
Greatest
Artists
of
All
Time
7
Billboard
magazine
placed
her
number
ten
on
their
list
of
Top
50
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Artists
of
the
Past
25
Years
8
Contents1
Life
and
career1
1
1981
96
Early
life1
2
1997
2000
Career
beginnings1
3
2001
2002
Songs
in
A
Minor1
4
2003
2005
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
and
Unplugged1
5
2006
2008
Film
debut
and
As
I
Am1
6
2009
2010
The
Element
of
Freedom
marriage
and
motherhood1
7
2011
present
Ten
Year
Celebration
Project
5
Stick
Fly
and
Upcoming
New
Album2
Musical
style3
Philanthropy4
Discography5
Tours6
Filmography7
See
also8
References9
Further
reading10
External
links
Life
and
career
1981
96
Early
lifeKeys
was
born
Alicia
Augello
Cook
on
January
25
1981
in
the
Hell
s
Kitchen
area
of
Manhattan
in
New
York
City
9
10
11
She
is
the
only
child
of
Teresa
Augello
a
paralegal
and
part
time
actress
and
Craig
Cook
a
flight
attendant
12
13
14
15
Keys
mother
is
of
Italian
Scottish
and
Irish
descent
and
her
father
is
African
American
16
Keys
has
expressed
that
she
was
comfortable
with
her
biracial
heritage
because
she
felt
she
was
able
to
relate
to
different
cultures
10
17
Her
parents
separated
when
she
was
two
and
she
was
subsequently
raised
by
her
mother
during
her
formative
years
in
Hell
s
Kitchen
Manhattan
18
In
1985
Keys
made
an
appearance
on
The
Cosby
Show
at
the
age
of
four
where
she
and
a
group
of
girls
played
the
parts
of
Rudy
Huxtable
s
sleepover
guests
in
the
episode
Slumber
Party
19
20
Throughout
her
childhood
Keys
was
sent
to
music
and
dance
classes
by
her
mother
21
She
began
playing
the
piano
when
she
was
seven
and
learned
classical
music
by
composers
such
as
Beethoven
Mozart
and
Chopin
12
Keys
enrolled
in
the
Professional
Performing
Arts
School
at
the
age
of
12
where
she
majored
in
choir
and
began
writing
songs
at
the
age
of
14
13
22
She
graduated
in
four
years
as
valedictorian
at
the
age
of
16
23
In
1994
Keys
met
long
term
manager
Jeff
Robinson
after
she
enrolled
in
his
brother
s
after
school
program
24
The
following
year
Robinson
introduced
Keys
to
her
future
A
amp
R
at
Arista
Records
Peter
Edge
who
later
described
his
first
impressions
to
HitQuarters
I
had
never
met
a
young
R
amp
B
artist
with
that
level
of
musicianship
So
many
people
were
just
singing
on
top
of
loops
and
tracks
but
she
had
the
ability
not
only
to
be
part
of
hip
hop
but
also
to
go
way
beyond
that
25
Edge
helped
Robinson
create
a
showcase
for
Keys
and
also
got
involved
in
developing
her
demo
material
He
was
keen
to
sign
Keys
himself
but
was
unable
to
do
so
at
that
time
due
to
being
on
the
verge
of
leaving
his
present
record
company
Keys
signed
to
Columbia
Records
soon
after
25
At
the
same
time
as
signing
a
recording
contract
with
Columbia
Records
Keys
was
accepted
into
Columbia
University
At
first
Keys
attempted
to
manage
both
but
after
four
weeks
dropped
out
of
college
to
pursue
her
musical
career
fulltime
23
26
1997
2000
Career
beginningsKeys
signed
a
demo
deal
with
Jermaine
Dupri
and
So
So
Def
Recordings
where
she
appeared
on
the
label
s
Christmas
album
performing
The
Little
Drummer
Girl
She
also
co
wrote
and
recorded
a
song
entitled
Dah
Dee
Dah
Sexy
Thing
which
appeared
on
the
soundtrack
to
the
1997
film
Men
in
Black
26
The
song
was
Keys
first
professional
recording
however
it
was
never
released
as
a
single
and
her
record
contract
with
Columbia
ended
after
a
dispute
with
the
label
Keys
was
unhappy
with
the
label
because
her
career
had
stalled
during
her
two
years
under
contract
at
Columbia
due
to
executive
indecision
over
her
direction
and
major
changes
within
the
company
25
Keys
called
Clive
Davis
who
sensed
a
special
unique
artist
from
her
performance
and
signed
her
to
Arista
Records
which
later
disbanded
9
10
Keys
almost
chose
Wilde
as
her
stage
name
until
her
manager
suggested
the
name
Keys
after
a
dream
he
had
Keys
felt
that
name
represented
her
both
as
a
performer
and
person
27
Following
Davis
to
his
newly
formed
J
Records
label
she
worked
with
Kerry
Krucial
Brothers
and
recorded
the
songs
Rock
wit
U
and
Rear
View
Mirror
which
were
featured
on
the
soundtracks
to
the
films
Shaft
2000
and
Dr
Dolittle
2
2001
respectively
28
29
2001
2002
Songs
in
A
Minor
Fallin
2001
Fallin
is
a
gospel
influenced
piano
ballad
30
Often
considered
her
signature
song
it
describes
the
ins
and
outs
of
being
in
a
relationship
31
Problems
listening
to
this
file
See
media
help
Keys
released
her
first
studio
album
Songs
in
A
Minor
in
June
2001
It
debuted
at
number
one
on
the
Billboard
200
and
sold
236
000
copies
in
its
first
week
32
The
album
sold
over
6
2
million
copies
in
the
United
States
33
where
it
was
certified
six
times
Platinum
by
the
Recording
Industry
Association
of
America
RIAA
34
It
went
on
to
sell
over
12
million
copies
worldwide
35
establishing
Keys
popularity
both
inside
and
outside
the
United
States
where
she
became
the
best
selling
new
artist
and
best
selling
R
amp
B
artist
of
2001
2
The
album
s
lead
single
Fallin
spent
six
weeks
at
number
one
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
36
The
album
s
second
single
A
Woman
s
Worth
was
released
in
February
2002
and
peaked
at
number
7
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
three
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
as
her
second
Top
10
single
in
both
charts
37
The
album
s
third
single
How
Come
You
Don
t
Call
Me
was
released
in
June
2002
and
peaked
at
number
59
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
30
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
The
album
s
fourth
single
Girlfriend
was
released
in
November
2002
in
UK
and
peaked
at
number
82
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
The
following
year
the
album
was
reissued
as
Remixed
amp
Unplugged
in
A
Minor
which
included
eight
remixes
and
seven
unplugged
versions
of
the
songs
from
the
original
Keys
performing
in
Frankfurt
Germany
2002Songs
in
A
Minor
led
Keys
to
win
five
awards
at
the
2002
Grammy
Awards
Song
of
the
Year
Best
Female
R
amp
B
Vocal
Performance
and
Best
R
amp
B
Song
for
Fallin
Best
New
Artist
and
Best
R
amp
B
Album
Fallin
was
also
nominated
for
Record
of
the
Year
Keys
became
the
second
female
solo
artist
to
win
five
Grammy
Awards
in
a
single
night
following
Lauryn
Hill
at
the
41st
Grammy
Awards
38
That
same
year
she
collaborated
with
Christina
Aguilera
for
the
latter
s
upcoming
album
Stripped
on
a
song
entitled
Impossible
which
Keys
wrote
co
produced
and
provided
with
background
vocals
39
During
the
early
2000s
Keys
also
made
small
cameos
in
television
series
Charmed
and
American
Dreams
12
2003
2005
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
and
UnpluggedKeys
followed
up
her
debut
with
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
which
was
released
in
December
2003
The
album
debuted
at
number
one
on
the
Billboard
200
selling
over
618
000
copies
its
first
week
of
release
becoming
the
largest
first
week
sales
for
a
female
artist
in
2003
40
It
sold
4
4
million
copies
in
the
United
States
and
was
certified
four
times
Platinum
by
the
RIAA
34
41
It
sold
eight
million
copies
worldwide
42
becoming
the
sixth
biggest
selling
album
by
a
female
artist
and
the
second
biggest
selling
album
by
a
female
R
amp
B
artist
43
The
album
s
lead
single
You
Don
t
Know
My
Name
peaked
at
number
three
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
one
on
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
for
eight
consecutive
weeks
his
first
Top
10
single
in
both
charts
since
2002
s
A
Woman
s
Worth
The
album
s
second
single
If
I
Ain
t
Got
You
was
released
in
February
2004
and
peaked
at
number
4
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
one
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
for
six
weeks
The
album
s
third
single
Diary
peaked
at
number
8
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
two
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
chart
being
their
third
consecutive
Top
10
single
in
both
charts
The
album
s
fourth
and
final
single
Karma
which
peaked
at
number
20
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
17
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
first
release
to
fail
to
achieve
top
ten
status
on
both
charts
If
I
Ain
t
Got
You
became
the
first
single
by
a
female
artist
to
remain
on
the
Billboard
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
chart
for
over
a
year
44
45
46
47
48
Keys
also
collaborated
with
recording
artist
Usher
on
the
song
My
Boo
from
his
2004
album
Confessions
Special
Edition
The
song
topped
the
Billboard
Hot
100
for
six
weeks
and
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
for
three
weeks
became
her
first
number
one
single
in
Hot
100
since
2001
s
Fallin
Keys
won
Best
R
amp
B
Video
for
If
I
Ain
t
Got
You
at
the
2004
MTV
Video
Music
Awards
she
performed
the
song
and
Higher
Ground
with
Lenny
Kravitz
and
Stevie
Wonder
49
50
Later
that
year
Keys
released
her
novel
Tears
for
Water
Songbook
of
Poems
and
Lyrics
a
collection
of
unreleased
poems
from
her
journals
and
lyrics
The
title
derived
from
one
of
her
poems
Love
and
Chains
from
the
line
I
don
t
mind
drinking
my
tears
for
water
51
She
said
the
title
is
the
foundation
of
her
writing
because
everything
I
have
ever
written
has
stemmed
from
my
tears
of
joy
of
pain
of
sorrow
of
depression
even
of
question
52
The
book
sold
over
US
500
000
and
Keys
made
The
New
York
Times
bestseller
list
in
2005
53
54
The
following
year
she
won
a
second
consecutive
award
for
Best
R
amp
B
Video
at
the
MTV
Video
Music
Awards
for
the
video
Karma
55
Keys
performed
If
I
Ain
t
Got
You
and
then
joined
Jamie
Foxx
and
Quincy
Jones
in
a
rendition
of
Georgia
on
My
Mind
the
Hoagy
Carmichael
song
made
famous
by
Ray
Charles
in
1960
at
the
2005
Grammy
Awards
56
That
evening
she
won
four
Grammy
Awards
Best
Female
R
amp
B
Vocal
Performance
for
If
I
Ain
t
Got
You
Best
R
amp
B
Song
for
You
Don
t
Know
My
Name
Best
R
amp
B
Album
for
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
and
Best
R
amp
B
Performance
by
a
Duo
or
Group
with
Vocals
for
My
Boo
with
Usher
57
Keys
performed
and
taped
her
installment
of
the
MTV
Unplugged
series
in
July
2005
at
the
Brooklyn
Academy
of
Music
58
During
this
session
Keys
added
new
arrangements
to
her
original
songs
and
performed
a
few
choice
covers
59
The
session
was
released
on
CD
and
DVD
in
October
2005
Simply
titled
Unplugged
the
album
debuted
at
number
one
on
the
U
S
Billboard
200
chart
with
196
000
units
sold
in
its
first
week
of
release
60
The
album
sold
one
million
copies
in
the
United
States
where
it
was
certified
Platinum
by
the
RIAA
and
two
million
copies
worldwide
12
34
61
The
debut
of
Keys
Unplugged
was
the
highest
for
an
MTV
Unplugged
album
since
Nirvana
s
1994
MTV
Unplugged
in
New
York
and
the
first
Unplugged
by
a
female
artist
to
debut
at
number
one
2
The
album
s
first
single
Unbreakable
peaked
at
number
34
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
four
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
62
It
remained
at
number
one
on
the
Billboard
Hot
Adult
R
amp
B
Airplay
for
11
weeks
63
The
album
s
second
and
final
single
Every
Little
Bit
Hurts
was
released
in
January
2006
it
failed
to
enter
the
U
S
charts
Keys
opened
a
recording
studio
in
Long
Island
New
York
called
The
Oven
Studios
which
she
co
owns
with
her
production
and
songwriting
partner
Kerry
Krucial
Brothers
64
The
studio
was
designed
by
renowned
studio
architect
John
Storyk
of
WSDG
designer
of
Jimi
Hendrix
Electric
Lady
Studios
Keys
and
Brothers
are
the
co
founders
of
KrucialKeys
Enterprises
a
production
and
songwriting
team
who
assisted
Keys
in
creating
her
albums
as
well
as
create
music
for
other
artists
65
2006
2008
Film
debut
and
As
I
AmIn
2006
Keys
won
three
NAACP
Image
Awards
including
Outstanding
Female
Artist
and
Outstanding
Song
for
Unbreakable
66
She
also
received
the
Starlight
Award
by
the
Songwriters
Hall
of
Fame
67
In
October
2006
she
played
the
voice
of
Mommy
Martian
in
the
Mission
to
Mars
episode
of
the
children
s
television
series
The
Backyardigans
in
which
she
sang
an
original
song
Almost
Everything
Is
Boinga
Here
68
That
same
year
Keys
nearly
suffered
a
mental
breakdown
Her
grandmother
had
died
and
her
family
was
heavily
dependent
on
her
She
felt
she
needed
to
escape
and
went
to
Egypt
for
three
weeks
She
explained
That
trip
was
definitely
the
most
crucial
thing
I
ve
ever
done
for
myself
in
my
life
to
date
It
was
a
very
difficult
time
that
I
was
dealing
with
and
it
just
came
to
the
point
where
I
really
needed
to
basically
I
just
needed
to
run
away
honestly
And
I
needed
to
get
as
far
away
as
possible
69
70
Keys
made
her
film
debut
in
early
2007
in
the
crime
film
Smokin
Aces
co
starring
as
an
assassin
named
Georgia
Sykes
opposite
Ben
Affleck
and
Andy
Garc
a
Keys
received
much
praise
from
her
co
stars
in
the
film
Reynolds
said
that
Keys
was
so
natural
and
that
she
would
blow
everybody
away
Smokin
Aces
had
a
hit
moderate
performance
at
the
box
office
earning
only
57
103
895
worldwide
during
its
theatrical
run
71
72
In
the
same
year
Keys
earned
further
praise
for
her
second
film
The
Nanny
Diaries
based
on
the
2002
novel
of
the
same
name
where
she
co
starred
alongside
Scarlett
Johansson
and
Chris
Evans
The
Nanny
Diaries
had
a
hit
moderate
performance
at
the
box
office
earning
only
44
638
886
worldwide
during
its
theatrical
run
73
She
also
guest
starred
as
herself
in
the
One
Man
Is
an
Island
episode
of
the
drama
series
Cane
74
Keys
performing
live
March
20
2008Keys
released
her
third
studio
album
As
I
Am
in
November
2007
it
debuted
at
number
one
on
the
Billboard
200
selling
742
000
copies
in
its
first
week
It
gained
Keys
her
largest
first
week
sales
of
her
career
and
became
her
fourth
consecutive
number
one
album
tying
her
with
Britney
Spears
for
the
most
consecutive
number
one
debuts
on
the
Billboard
200
by
a
female
artist
75
76
The
week
became
the
second
largest
sales
week
of
2007
and
the
largest
sales
week
for
a
female
solo
artist
since
singer
Norah
Jones
album
Feels
like
Home
in
2004
77
The
album
has
sold
nearly
four
million
copies
in
the
United
States
and
has
been
certified
three
times
Platinum
by
the
RIAA
78
79
It
has
sold
nearly
six
million
copies
worldwide
80
Keys
received
five
nominations
for
As
I
Am
at
the
2008
American
Music
Award
and
ultimately
won
two
81
The
album
s
lead
single
No
One
peaked
at
number
one
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
for
five
consecutive
weeks
and
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
for
ten
consecutive
weeks
became
her
first
number
one
single
in
Hot
100
since
2004
s
My
Boo
and
becoming
Keys
third
and
fifth
number
one
single
on
each
chart
respectively
82
The
album
s
second
single
Like
You
ll
Never
See
Me
Again
was
released
in
late
2007
and
peaked
at
number
12
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
one
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
for
seven
consecutive
weeks
From
October
27
2007
when
No
One
reached
No
1
through
February
16
2008
the
last
week
Like
You
ll
Never
See
Me
Again
was
at
No
1
the
Keys
was
on
top
of
the
chart
for
17
weeks
more
consecutive
weeks
than
any
other
artist
in
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
chart
83
The
album
s
third
single
Teenage
Love
Affair
which
peaked
at
number
54
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
three
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
83
The
album
s
fourth
and
final
single
Superwoman
which
peaked
at
number
82
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
12
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
83
84
Keys
performing
at
the
2008
Summer
Sonic
Festival
in
Tokyo
Japan
No
One
earned
Keys
the
awards
for
Best
Female
R
amp
B
Vocal
Performance
and
Best
R
amp
B
Song
at
the
2008
Grammy
Awards
85
Keys
opened
the
ceremony
singing
Frank
Sinatra
s
1950s
song
Learnin
the
Blues
as
a
duet
with
archival
footage
of
Sinatra
in
video
and
No
One
with
John
Mayer
later
in
the
show
86
Keys
also
won
Best
Female
R
amp
B
Artist
during
the
show
87
She
starred
in
Fresh
Takes
a
commercial
micro
series
created
by
Dove
Go
Fresh
which
premiered
during
The
Hills
on
MTV
from
March
to
April
2008
The
premiere
celebrated
the
launch
of
new
Dove
Go
Fresh
88
She
also
signed
a
deal
as
spokesperson
with
Glac
au
s
VitaminWater
to
endorse
the
product
89
and
was
in
an
American
Express
commercial
for
the
Are
you
a
Cardmember
campaign
90
Keys
along
with
The
White
Stripes
guitarist
and
lead
vocalist
Jack
White
recorded
the
theme
song
to
Quantum
of
Solace
the
first
duet
in
Bond
soundtrack
history
91
In
2008
Keys
was
ranked
in
at
number
80
the
Billboard
Hot
100
All
Time
Top
Artists
92
She
also
starred
in
The
Secret
Life
of
Bees
a
film
adaptation
of
Sue
Monk
Kidd
s
acclaimed
2003
bestseller
novel
of
the
same
name
alongside
Jennifer
Hudson
Dakota
Fanning
Paul
Bettany
and
Queen
Latifah
released
in
October
2008
via
Fox
Searchlight
The
Secret
Life
of
Bees
had
a
hit
moderate
performance
at
the
box
office
earning
only
39
947
322
worldwide
during
its
theatrical
run
93
Her
role
earned
her
a
nomination
for
Outstanding
Supporting
Actress
in
a
Motion
Picture
at
the
NAACP
Image
Awards
94
She
also
received
three
nominations
at
the
2009
Grammy
Awards
and
won
Best
Female
R
amp
B
Vocal
Performance
for
Superwoman
95
In
an
interview
with
Blender
magazine
Keys
allegedly
said
Gangsta
rap
was
a
ploy
to
convince
black
people
to
kill
each
other
gangsta
rap
didn
t
exist
and
went
on
to
say
that
it
was
created
by
the
government
The
magazine
also
claimed
she
said
that
Tupac
Shakur
and
The
Notorious
B
I
G
were
essentially
assassinated
their
beefs
stoked
by
the
government
and
the
media
to
stop
another
great
black
leader
from
existing
22
Keys
later
wrote
a
statement
clarifying
the
issues
and
saying
her
words
were
misinterpreted
96
Later
that
year
Keys
was
criticized
by
anti
smoking
campaigners
after
billboard
posters
for
her
forthcoming
concerts
in
Indonesia
featured
a
logo
for
the
A
Mild
cigarette
brand
sponsored
by
tobacco
firm
Philip
Morris
She
apologized
after
discovering
that
the
concert
was
sponsored
by
the
firm
and
asked
for
corrective
actions
In
response
the
company
withdrew
its
sponsorship
97
2009
2010
The
Element
of
Freedom
marriage
and
motherhoodKeys
on
the
red
carpet
at
the
2009
American
Music
Awards
Keys
and
manager
Jeff
Robinson
signed
a
film
production
deal
to
develop
live
action
and
animated
projects
with
Disney
Their
first
film
will
be
a
remake
of
the
1958
comedy
Bell
Book
and
Candle
and
will
star
Keys
as
a
witch
who
casts
a
love
spell
to
lure
a
rival
s
fianc
98
Keys
and
Robinson
also
formed
a
television
production
company
called
Big
Pita
99
Keys
and
Robinson
will
develop
live
action
and
animated
projects
from
their
company
Big
Pita
and
Little
Pita
with
Keys
as
producer
thespian
banner
spearheading
soundtrack
and
music
supervision
100
Keys
collaborated
with
the
record
producer
Swizz
Beatz
to
write
and
produce
Million
Dollar
Bill
for
Whitney
Houston
s
seventh
studio
album
I
Look
to
You
Keys
had
approached
Clive
Davis
for
permission
to
submit
a
song
for
the
album
101
Keys
also
collaborated
with
the
recording
artist
Jay
Z
on
the
song
Empire
State
of
Mind
from
his
2009
album
The
Blueprint
3
The
song
topped
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
became
her
fourth
number
one
single
on
that
chart
102
At
the
53rd
Grammy
Awards
ceremony
Empire
State
of
Mind
won
Best
Rap
Sung
Collaboration
and
Best
Rap
Song
It
had
also
been
one
of
the
five
nominees
for
Record
of
the
Year
103
Keys
during
the
As
I
Am
Tour
in
Lisbon
The
following
month
the
American
Society
of
Composers
Authors
and
Publishers
honored
Keys
with
the
Golden
Note
Award
an
award
given
to
artists
who
have
achieved
extraordinary
career
milestones
104
She
collaborated
with
Spanish
recording
artist
Alejandro
Sanz
for
Looking
for
Paradise
which
topped
the
Hot
Latin
Songs
chart
this
was
Keys
first
number
one
on
all
three
charts
which
also
made
her
the
first
African
American
of
non
Hispanic
origin
to
reach
1
on
the
Hot
Latin
Tracks
105
Keys
released
her
fourth
studio
album
The
Element
of
Freedom
in
December
2009
106
It
debuted
at
number
two
on
the
Billboard
200
selling
417
000
copies
in
its
first
week
107
As
part
of
the
promotional
drive
for
the
album
she
performed
at
the
Cayman
Island
Jazz
Festival
on
December
5
the
final
night
of
the
three
day
festival
which
will
be
broadcast
on
Black
Entertainment
Television
BET
108
The
album
s
lead
single
Doesn
t
Mean
Anything
has
peaked
at
number
60
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
14
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
106
Keys
was
ranked
as
the
top
R
amp
B
recording
artist
of
the
2000
2009
decade
by
Billboard
magazine
and
ranked
at
number
five
as
artist
of
the
decade
while
her
song
No
One
was
ranked
at
number
six
on
the
magazine
s
songs
of
the
decade
109
110
111
In
the
United
Kingdom
The
Element
of
Freedom
became
Keys
first
album
to
top
the
UK
Albums
Chart
112
The
album
s
second
single
Try
Sleeping
with
a
Broken
Heart
was
released
in
November
2009
and
peaked
at
number
27
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
two
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
The
album
s
third
single
Put
It
in
a
Love
Song
featuring
Grammy
winner
Beyonc
peaked
at
number
60
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
The
music
video
for
the
single
which
was
filmed
in
Rio
de
Janeiro
Brazil
has
been
postponed
several
times
and
later
it
was
confirmed
that
Alicia
Keys
team
made
a
decision
not
to
release
the
video
The
album
s
fourth
single
Empire
State
of
Mind
Part
II
Broken
Down
was
released
in
February
2010
and
peaked
at
number
55
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
76
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
The
album
s
fifth
single
Un
Thinkable
I
m
Ready
was
released
in
May
2010
and
peaked
at
number
21
on
the
Billboard
Hot
100
and
number
one
on
the
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
for
twelve
consecutive
weeks
and
became
the
album
s
most
successful
single
becoming
Keys
eighth
number
one
single
on
Hot
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Songs
chart
The
album
s
sixth
and
final
single
Wait
Til
You
See
My
Smile
was
released
in
December
2010
in
the
U
K
only
Keys
at
the
Walmart
Shareholders
Meeting
2011
In
May
2009
Swizz
Beatz
announced
that
he
and
Keys
were
romantically
involved
113
and
in
May
2010
a
representative
for
Keys
and
Swizz
Beatz
confirmed
that
they
were
engaged
and
expecting
a
child
together
114
During
the
time
of
the
2010
FIFA
World
Cup
the
couple
took
part
of
a
union
and
had
the
unborn
child
blessed
in
a
Zulu
ceremony
which
took
place
in
the
Illovo
suburb
of
Johannesburg
South
Africa
115
Keys
and
Swizz
Beatz
were
married
on
the
French
island
of
Corsica
on
July
31
2010
116
117
On
October
14
2010
Keys
gave
birth
to
a
son
Egypt
Daoud
Ibarr
Dean
in
New
York
City
118
2011
present
Ten
Year
Celebration
Project
5
Stick
Fly
and
Upcoming
New
AlbumIn
June
2011
Songs
in
A
Minor
was
re
released
as
deluxe
and
collector
s
editions
in
commemoration
of
its
10th
anniversary
119
To
support
the
release
Keys
embarked
on
a
four
city
promotional
tour
entitled
Piano
amp
I
A
One
Night
Only
Event
With
Alicia
Keys
featuring
only
her
piano
Keys
is
also
set
to
co
produce
the
Broadway
premiere
of
Stick
Fly
which
will
open
in
December
2011
120
On
September
26
2011
was
the
premiere
of
Project
5
known
as
Five
short
film
that
marks
the
debut
of
Alicia
Keys
as
a
director
It
is
a
documentary
of
five
episodes
that
tell
stories
of
five
women
who
were
victims
of
breast
cancer
and
how
it
affected
their
lives
The
production
also
has
co
direction
of
the
actresses
Jennifer
Aniston
Demi
Moore
and
film
director
Patty
Jenkins
121
On
September
23
she
performed
at
iHeart
Music
Festival
and
sang
her
new
song
A
Place
Of
My
Own
which
is
present
in
her
fifth
studio
album
122
123
On
October
7
RCA
Music
Group
announced
it
was
disbanding
J
Records
along
with
Arista
Records
and
Jive
Records
With
the
shutdown
Keys
and
all
other
artists
previously
signed
to
these
three
labels
will
release
her
future
material
on
RCA
Records
124
125
On
Saturday
February
18
2012
Alicia
gave
a
touching
performance
of
Send
Me
An
Angel
during
Whitney
Houston
s
memorial
at
the
New
Hope
Baptist
Church
in
Newark
New
Jersey
126
Musical
style
If
I
Ain
t
Got
You
2003
Keys
often
incorporates
piano
into
her
songsProblems
listening
to
this
file
See
media
help
An
accomplished
pianist
Keys
incorporates
piano
into
a
majority
of
her
songs
and
often
writes
about
love
heartbreak
and
female
empowerment
10
53
She
has
cited
several
musicians
as
her
inspirations
including
Prince
Nina
Simone
Barbra
Streisand
Marvin
Gaye
Quincy
Jones
Donny
Hathaway
and
Stevie
Wonder
127
128
129
Keys
style
is
rooted
in
gospel
and
vintage
soul
music
supplemented
by
bass
and
programmed
drumbeats
130
She
heavily
incorporates
classical
piano
with
R
amp
B
soul
and
jazz
into
her
music
131
132
She
began
experimenting
with
other
genres
including
pop
and
rock
in
her
third
studio
album
As
I
Am
130
133
134
transitioning
from
neo
soul
to
a
1980s
and
1990s
R
amp
B
sound
with
her
fourth
album
The
Element
of
Freedom
135
136
Patrick
Huguenin
of
the
New
York
Daily
News
stated
that
her
incorporation
of
classical
piano
riffs
contributed
to
her
breakout
success
44
Jet
magazine
states
she
thrives
by
touching
her
fans
with
piano
mastery
words
and
melodious
voice
137
The
Independent
described
her
style
as
consisting
of
crawling
blues
coupled
with
a
hip
hop
backbeat
noting
that
her
lyrics
rarely
stray
from
matters
of
the
heart
138
Blender
magazine
referred
to
her
as
the
first
new
pop
artist
of
the
millennium
who
was
capable
of
changing
music
139
Keys
playing
the
piano
while
performing
surrounded
by
three
backing
vocalistsKeys
has
a
vocal
range
of
a
contralto
which
spans
three
octaves
44
140
She
can
sing
from
B
flat
over
an
octave
below
middle
C
B
2
to
B
below
soprano
C
B5
Often
referred
to
as
the
Princess
of
Soul
30
138
Keys
has
been
commended
as
having
a
strong
raw
and
impassioned
voice
141
142
others
feel
that
her
voice
is
emotionally
manufactured
at
times
and
that
she
pushes
her
voice
out
of
its
natural
range
141
142
Keys
songwriting
is
often
criticized
for
lack
of
depth
which
has
led
to
her
writing
abilities
being
called
limited
141
Her
lyrics
have
been
called
generic
clich
d
and
that
her
songs
revolve
around
generalities
130
141
Greg
Kot
of
the
Chicago
Tribune
feels
that
she
pokes
around
for
multi
format
hits
rather
than
trying
to
project
any
sort
of
artistic
vision
142
Diversely
Jon
Pareles
of
Blender
magazine
stated
that
the
musical
composition
of
her
songs
makes
up
for
their
lyrical
weakness
133
while
Gregory
Stephen
Tate
of
The
Village
Voice
compared
Keys
writing
and
production
to
1970s
music
143
Joanna
Hunkin
of
The
New
Zealand
Herald
reviewed
one
of
Keys
performances
where
Kylie
Minogue
also
attended
She
described
Minogue
s
reaction
to
Keys
performance
saying
it
was
obvious
she
was
just
as
much
of
a
fan
as
the
10
000
other
people
at
Vector
Arena
She
went
on
to
say
that
Minogue
was
the
original
pop
princess
bowing
down
to
the
modern
day
queen
of
soul
144
Hunkin
characterized
Keys
opening
performance
as
a
headbanging
hip
gyrating
performance
and
her
energy
as
high
octane
energy
most
bands
save
for
their
closing
finale
At
the
end
of
her
two
hour
performance
fans
screamed
stomped
and
begged
for
a
second
encore
144
Hillary
Crosley
and
Mariel
Concepcion
of
Billboard
magazine
noted
that
her
shows
are
extremely
coordinated
with
the
audience
s
attention
span
consistently
maintained
The
show
ended
with
a
standing
ovation
and
Keys
proved
that
a
dynamic
performance
mixed
with
superior
musicianship
always
wins
145
Throughout
her
career
Keys
has
won
numerous
awards
and
is
listed
on
the
Recording
Industry
Association
of
America
s
best
selling
artists
in
the
United
States
with
15
million
certified
albums
146
She
has
sold
over
30
million
albums
worldwide
and
has
established
herself
as
one
of
the
best
selling
artists
of
her
time
19
143
147
PhilanthropyKeys
performing
at
the
Live
Earth
concertKeys
is
the
co
founder
and
Global
Ambassador
of
Keep
a
Child
Alive
a
non
profit
organization
that
provides
medicine
to
families
with
HIV
and
AIDS
in
Africa
148
Keys
and
U2
lead
singer
Bono
recorded
a
cover
version
of
Peter
Gabriel
and
Kate
Bush
s
Don
t
Give
Up
in
recognition
of
World
AIDS
Day
2005
Keys
and
Bono
s
version
of
the
song
was
retitled
Don
t
Give
Up
Africa
to
reflect
the
nature
of
the
charity
it
was
benefiting
149
150
She
visited
African
countries
such
as
Uganda
Kenya
and
South
Africa
to
promote
care
for
children
affected
by
AIDS
151
152
153
Her
work
in
Africa
was
documented
in
the
documentary
Alicia
in
Africa
Journey
to
the
Motherland
and
was
available
in
April
2008
154
Keys
has
also
donated
to
Frum
tha
Ground
Up
a
non
profit
organization
that
aids
children
and
teenagers
with
scholarships
155
156
She
performed
in
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
as
part
of
the
worldwide
Live
8
concerts
to
raise
awareness
of
the
poverty
in
Africa
and
to
pressure
the
G8
leaders
to
take
action
157
In
2005
Keys
performed
on
ReAct
Now
Music
amp
Relief
and
Shelter
from
the
Storm
A
Concert
for
the
Gulf
Coast
two
benefit
programs
that
raised
money
for
those
affected
by
Hurricane
Katrina
158
159
In
July
2007
Keys
and
Keith
Urban
performed
The
Rolling
Stones
1969
song
Gimme
Shelter
at
Giants
Stadium
in
East
Rutherford
New
Jersey
at
the
American
leg
of
the
Live
Earth
concerts
160
161
Keys
performed
Donny
Hathaway
s
1973
song
Someday
We
ll
All
Be
Free
at
the
America
A
Tribute
to
Heroes
televised
benefit
concert
following
the
September
11
attacks
162
She
participated
in
the
Nobel
Peace
Prize
Concert
which
took
place
at
the
Oslo
Spektrum
in
Oslo
Norway
on
December
11
2007
along
with
other
various
artists
163
She
recorded
a
theme
song
for
Democratic
presidential
nominee
Barack
Obama
She
joined
Joss
Stone
and
Jay
Z
on
the
effort
which
served
as
a
theme
song
for
Obama
s
campaign
164
For
her
work
Keys
was
honored
at
the
2009
BET
Awards
with
the
Humanitarian
Award
165
Keys
performed
the
song
Prelude
to
a
Kiss
retitled
Send
Me
an
Angel
from
her
2007
album
As
I
Am
for
the
Hope
for
Haiti
Now
A
Global
Benefit
for
Earthquake
Relief
telethon
in
response
to
the
2010
Haiti
earthquake
166
DiscographyMain
article
Alicia
Keys
discographySongs
in
A
Minor
2001
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
2003
As
I
Am
2007
The
Element
of
Freedom
2009
TBA
2012
Live
albumsUnplugged
2005
ToursMain
article
List
of
Alicia
Keys
toursKeys
at
Tokyo
Summer
Sonic
2008
YearTitleNumber
ofperformances2001
2002Songs
in
A
Minor
Tour582004Verizon
Ladies
First
Tour252005The
Diary
Tour362008As
I
Am
Tour942010The
Freedom
Tour502011Piano
amp
I
A
One
Night
Only
Event
With
Alicia
Keys5
FilmographyTelevisionYearTitleRoleNotes1985The
Cosby
ShowMaria
Slumber
Party
season
1
episode
22
2001CharmedP3
VIP
Patron
uncredited
Size
Matters
season
4
episode
5
2003American
DreamsFontella
Bass
Rescue
Me
season
2
episode
6
The
Proud
FamilyHerself
voice
The
Good
the
Bad
and
the
Ugly
season
3
episode
46
2005Sesame
StreetHerselfSeason
362006The
BackyardigansMommy
Martian
voice
Mission
to
Mars
season
2
episode
1
2007CaneHerself
One
Man
Is
an
Island
season
1
episode
7
Elmo
s
Christmas
CountdownHerselfChristmas
television
special2008Dove
Fresh
Takes
AlexStarred
in
all
five
episodes2010American
Idol
season
9
HerselfMentorFilmYearTitleRoleNotes2007Smokin
AcesGeorgia
SykesDebut
filmMain
roleThe
Nanny
DiariesLynetteSupport
role2008The
Secret
Life
of
BeesJune
BoatwrightMain
roleDirectorYearTitleTypeNotes2004KarmaMusic
videoMTV
Video
Music
Award
for
Best
R
amp
B
Video2011Project
5Short
film
Documentary
See
alsoList
of
artists
who
reached
number
one
in
the
United
StatesList
of
awards
and
nominations
received
by
Alicia
KeysList
of
honorific
titles
in
popular
music
References
Alicia
adds
tour
dates
Metro
Associated
Newspapers
2008
03
07
http
www
metro
co
uk
fame
article
html
in
article
id
112579
amp
in
page
id
7
Retrieved
2009
07
05
a
b
c
d
Anitai
Tamar
2007
11
12
MTV
Artist
of
the
Week
Alicia
Keys
MTV
News
http
buzzworthy
mtv
com
2007
11
12
mtv
artist
of
the
week
alicia
keys
Retrieved
2008
07
05
Yes
America
Amy
Winehouse
Is
a
Star
BBC
America
2008
02
11
http
www
bbcamerica
com
content
23
anglophenia
jsp
bc
id
899
Retrieved
2009
07
05
Batey
Angus
2007
11
10
The
ascent
of
Alicia
Keys
The
Times
London
News
Corporation
http
entertainment
timesonline
co
uk
tol
arts
and
entertainment
music
article2819353
ece
Retrieved
2009
07
05
2005
Grammy
Award
Winners
CBS
News
2005
02
13
http
www
cbsnews
com
stories
2005
02
14
in
depth
showbiz
main673822
shtml
Retrieved
2009
07
05
Whitmire
Margo
2005
10
19
Keys
Unplugs
For
3rd
Straight
No
1
Disc
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
unplugs
for
3rd
straight
no
1
disc
1001347290
story
Retrieved
September
16
2009
Who
Will
Come
Out
On
Top
Of
VH1
s
100
Greatest
Artists
Of
All
Time
Top
50
R
amp
B
Hip
Hop
Artists
of
the
Past
25
Years
Nielsen
Business
Media
Inc
November
18
2010
http
www
billboard
com
column
the
juice
the
top
50
r
b
hip
hop
artists
of
the
past
1004127916
story
page
5
Retrieved
January
6
2012
a
b
Alicia
Keys
Biography
Allmusic
http
www
allmusic
com
artist
alicia
keys
p469431
biography
Retrieved
November
2
2010
a
b
c
d
Interview
Alicia
Keys
The
Guardian
London
Guardian
Media
Group
November
2
2001
http
www
guardian
co
uk
lifeandstyle
2001
nov
02
shopping
artsfeatures9
Retrieved
January
6
2009
Mervis
Scott
April
17
2008
Music
Preview
Through
her
first
several
records
Alicia
Keys
has
a
golden
touch
Pittsburgh
Post
Gazette
Block
Communications
http
www
post
gazette
com
pg
08108
873962
42
stm
Retrieved
November
22
2009
a
b
c
d
Alicia
Keys
Biography
Rolling
Stone
Wenner
Media
http
www
rollingstone
com
music
artists
alicia
keys
news
artists
8828
53132
53164
Retrieved
November
2
2010
dead
link
a
b
Alicia
Keys
China
Daily
China
Daily
Group
September
7
2004
http
www
chinadaily
com
cn
english
doc
2004
09
07
content
372259
htm
Retrieved
December
16
2008
Iley
Chrissy
February
24
2008
Alicia
Keys
the
girl
who
made
Bob
Dylan
weep
The
Times
London
News
Corporation
http
entertainment
timesonline
co
uk
tol
arts
and
entertainment
music
article3403940
ece
Retrieved
December
16
2008
Vineyard
Jennifer
January
12
2006
Alicia
Keys
Early
Years
To
Be
Made
Into
A
TV
Series
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1520667
20060112
keys
alicia
jhtml
Retrieved
November
3
2008
A
lot
of
people
believe
I
m
part
Jamaican
though
I
m
not
I
m
definitely
black
and
Italian
and
a
little
Irish
or
Scottish
European
American
Bream
Jon
April
28
2008
More
Keys
to
Alicia
s
Life
StarTribune
com
http
www
startribune
com
entertainment
music
18138354
html
elr
KArksD
aDyaEP
kD
aUt
aDyaEP
kD
aUiacyKUUr
Retrieved
November
13
2009
Alicia
Keys
Keys
Avoids
Mixed
Race
Abuse
Keys
first
appeared
at
a
Talent
show
on
Jenny
Jones
where
she
preformed
along
side
three
little
women
who
were
also
an
unknown
group
at
the
time
Both
were
signed
to
a
record
deal
after
the
performance
Contactmusic
com
December
1
2004
http
www
contactmusic
com
new
xmlfeed
nsf
story
keys
avoids
mixed
race
abuse
Retrieved
August
21
2009
Ojumu
Akin
November
16
2003
Soul
sister
The
Guardian
London
Guardian
Media
Group
http
www
guardian
co
uk
music
2003
nov
16
aliciakeys
Retrieved
January
24
2009
a
b
Sams
Christine
February
23
2009
The
secret
life
of
Alicia
Keys
The
Age
Melbourne
Fairfax
Media
pp
1
3
http
www
theage
com
au
news
entertainment
film
the
secret
life
of
keys
2009
02
23
1235237496952
html
Retrieved
March
8
2009
Slumber
Party
The
Cosby
Show
March
28
1985
No
22
season
1
Music
and
dance
kept
Alicia
Keys
out
of
trouble
during
childhood
Thaindian
News
Thaindian
com
Company
Limited
July
15
2008
http
www
thaindian
com
newsportal
sports
music
and
dance
kept
alicia
keys
out
of
trouble
during
childhood
10071626
html
Retrieved
April
8
2009
a
b
Weiner
Jonah
March
19
2008
Alicia
Keys
Unlocked
Blender
Alpha
Media
Group
pp
1
4
http
www
blender
com
guide
61246
aliciakeysunlocked
html
Retrieved
November
16
2008
dead
link
a
b
Pareles
Jon
January
27
2002
Music
To
Be
Alicia
Keys
Young
Gifted
and
in
Control
The
New
York
Times
The
New
York
Times
Company
pp
1
3
http
www
nytimes
com
2002
01
27
arts
music
to
be
alicia
keys
young
gifted
and
in
control
html
Retrieved
November
8
2008
New
York
s
Rising
Stars
Crain
s
New
York
Business
2003
http
mycrains
crainsnewyork
com
40under40
profiles
2003
32
Retrieved
Nov
15
2010
a
b
c
Interview
with
Peter
Edge
HitQuarters
Oct
13
2004
http
www
hitquarters
com
index
php3
page
intrview
opar
intrview
Peter
Edge
Inter
html
Retrieved
Nov
15
2010
a
b
New
Singer
Alicia
Keys
Sitting
Pretty
with
Smash
Debut
Album
Songs
In
A
Minor
Jet
Johnson
Publishing
Company
100
9
60
61
2004
http
books
google
com
id
IbUDAAAAMBAJ
amp
pg
PA58
amp
dq
alicia
keys
songs
in
a
minor
PPA60
M1
Retrieved
April
30
2009
Vineyard
Jennifer
January
18
2006
Alicia
Keys
Nearly
Spills
Secrets
To
Jane
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1521106
20060118
keys
alicia
jhtml
Retrieved
March
7
2008
Brasor
Philip
October
3
2001
Alicia
Keys
Songs
in
A
Minor
The
Japan
Times
http
search
japantimes
co
jp
cgi
bin
fm20011003a2
html
Retrieved
February
26
2009
Birchmeier
Jason
Dr
Dolittle
2
Overview
Allmusic
http
www
allmusic
com
album
r536187
Retrieved
November
2
2010
a
b
The
Next
Queen
of
Soul
Rolling
Stone
Wenner
Media
November
8
2001
pp
1
6
http
www
rollingstone
com
music
news
13316
68272
Retrieved
November
2
2010
Hot
Product
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
June
11
2001
http
www
billboard
com
news
hot
product
915447
story
Retrieved
August
3
2009
Martens
Todd
July
5
2001
Keys
Debut
Tops
The
Billboard
200
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
debut
tops
the
billboard
200
943381
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Grein
Paul
July
22
2009
Chart
Watch
Extra
The
Top
20
New
Acts
Of
The
2000s
Yahoo
Music
http
new
music
yahoo
com
blogs
chart
watch
39906
chart
watch
extra
the
top
20
new
acts
of
the
2000s
Retrieved
July
22
2009
a
b
c
RIAA
Gold
amp
Platinum
RIAA
http
www
riaa
com
goldandplatinumdata
php
resultpage
1
amp
table
SEARCH
RESULTS
amp
artist
alicia
20keys
amp
format
ALBUM
amp
startYear
1958
amp
endYear
2009
amp
sort
Artist
amp
perPage
25
Retrieved
March
14
2009
Alicia
adds
tour
dates
Metro
Associated
Newspapers
March
7
2008
http
www
metro
co
uk
showbiz
112579
alicia
adds
tour
dates
Retrieved
November
2
2010
Martens
Todd
December
4
2001
Alicia
Keys
U
S
Tour
Bows
Jan
22
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
alicia
keys
u
s
tour
bows
jan
22
1148403
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Jeckell
Barry
A
Mitchell
Gail
May
2
2002
Totally
Hits
2002
Packs
In
20
Top
Tracks
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
totally
hits
2002
packs
in
20
top
tracks
1481371
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Yes
America
Amy
Winehouse
Is
a
Star
BBC
America
February
11
2008
http
www
bbcamerica
com
content
23
anglophenia
jsp
bc
id
899
Retrieved
February
13
2008
Reid
Shaheem
June
25
2002
Christina
Aguilera
Alicia
Keys
Party
Up
For
Impossible
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1455399
20020625
aguilera
christina
jhtml
Retrieved
November
9
2008
Verizon
Ladies
First
Tour
2004
Starring
Beyonc
Alicia
Keys
and
Missy
Elliott
With
Special
Guest
Tamia
FindArticles
CBS
Corporation
February
17
2004
http
findarticles
com
p
articles
mi
m0EIN
is
2004
Feb
17
ai
113344090
Retrieved
January
27
2009
Hope
Clover
February
3
2006
Keys
Pleasantly
Surprised
By
Grammy
Nominations
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
pleasantly
surprised
by
grammy
nominations
1001956959
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Batey
Angus
November
10
2007
The
ascent
of
Alicia
Keys
The
Times
London
News
Corporation
http
entertainment
timesonline
co
uk
tol
arts
and
entertainment
music
article2819353
ece
Retrieved
January
27
2009
Ah
young
Chung
June
3
2008
R
amp
B
Diva
Alicia
Keys
in
Town
The
Korea
Times
http
www
koreatimes
co
kr
www
news
art
2008
10
143
25231
html
Retrieved
November
14
2008
a
b
c
Huguenin
Patrick
October
11
2008
Secret
Life
of
Bees
star
Alicia
Keys
hive
of
activity
New
York
Daily
News
Mortimer
Zuckerman
http
www
nydailynews
com
entertainment
music
2008
10
12
2008
10
12
secret
life
of
bees
star
alicia
keys
hiv
html
Retrieved
December
4
2008
Martens
Todd
January
22
2004
Singles
Chart
Remains
In
OutKast
s
Command
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
singles
chart
remains
in
outkast
s
command
2074215
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Whitmir
Margo
June
24
2004
Usher
Locks
Up
Singles
Chart
Again
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
usher
locks
up
singles
chart
again
1000550918
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Whitmir
Margo
September
23
2004
Ciara
Keeps
Goodies
Perched
On
Top
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
ciara
keeps
goodies
perched
on
top
1000640864
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Karma
Alicia
Keys
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
song
alicia
keys
karma
5053548
Retrieved
August
1
2009
MTV
Awards
2004
The
winners
BBC
August
30
2004
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
entertainment
3611884
stm
Retrieved
November
14
2008
Buhrmester
Jason
August
30
2004
Outkast
Jay
Z
Dominate
Tame
MTV
Awards
Blender
Alpha
Media
Group
http
www
blender
com
guide
67645
outkast
jay
z
dominate
tame
mtv
awards
html
Retrieved
February
3
2009
dead
link
The
Poetry
of
Alicia
Keys
CBS
News
November
11
2004
http
www
cbsnews
com
stories
2004
11
11
earlyshow
leisure
celebspot
main655152
shtml
Retrieved
December
4
2008
In
Tears
for
Water
Songbook
of
Poems
and
Lyrics
FindArticles
CBS
Corporation
2004
11
http
findarticles
com
p
articles
mi
m1077
is
1
60
ai
n6260841
Retrieved
December
4
2008
a
b
Stark
Petra
November
16
2008
Alicia
Keys
superwoman
The
Daily
Telegraph
News
Limited
http
www
dailytelegraph
com
au
news
sunday
telegraph
alicia
keys
superwoman
story
e6frewt9
1111118050168
Retrieved
July
17
2009
dead
link
Lafranco
Robert
February
10
2005
Money
Makers
Rolling
Stone
Wenner
Media
http
www
rollingstone
com
news
story
6959138
money
makers
4
Retrieved
December
4
2008
dead
link
Barkham
Patrick
August
30
2005
Green
Day
takes
top
honours
at
MTV
awards
ceremony
The
Guardian
London
Guardian
Media
Group
http
www
guardian
co
uk
world
2005
aug
30
media
arts
Retrieved
November
14
2008
Late
Ray
Charles
tops
Grammy
Awards
The
Guardian
London
Guardian
Media
Group
February
15
2002
http
www
guardian
co
uk
music
2005
feb
14
raycharles
Retrieved
November
14
2008
2005
Grammy
Award
Winners
CBS
News
February
13
2005
http
www
cbsnews
com
stories
2005
02
14
in
depth
showbiz
main673822
shtml
Retrieved
November
9
2008
Jenison
David
October
19
2005
Keys
Plugs
In
at
No
1
Yahoo
Music
http
new
music
yahoo
com
alicia
keys
news
keys
plugs
in
at
no
1
24723802
Retrieved
December
7
2006
Cohen
Jonathan
August
22
2005
Keys
Blends
Old
With
New
On
Unplugged
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
blends
old
with
new
on
unplugged
1001019121
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Whitmire
Margo
October
19
2005
Keys
Unplugs
For
3rd
Straight
No
1
Disc
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
unplugs
for
3rd
straight
no
1
disc
1001347290
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Hope
Clover
January
24
2006
Keys
Craves
Strange
As
Hell
Collaborations
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
craves
strange
as
hell
collaborations
1001883836
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Unplugged
Charts
amp
Awards
Billboard
Singles
Allmusic
http
www
allmusic
com
album
unplugged
r795026
charts
awards
billboard
single
Retrieved
November
2
2010
Bronson
Fred
January
26
2006
Chart
Beat
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
chart
beat
1001918986
story
Retrieved
August
3
2009
Weiss
David
October
1
2005
Alicia
Keys
Opens
Recording
Studio
in
New
York
Mix
Penton
Media
http
mixonline
com
mag
audio
oven
studios
Retrieved
December
7
2006
LeRoy
Dan
December
7
2005
Alicia
Collaborator
Krucial
Goes
Solo
Rolling
Stone
Wenner
Media
http
www
rollingstone
com
news
story
8933895
alicia
collaborator
krucial
goes
solo
Retrieved
December
7
2006
dead
link
Image
Awards
Honor
Foxx
Keys
Carey
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
February
26
2006
http
www
billboard
com
news
image
awards
honor
foxx
keys
carey
1002075032
story
Retrieved
August
3
2009
Alicia
Keys
A
Legend
Grows
ASCAP
https
www
ascap
com
playback
2005
summer
features
keys
html
Retrieved
December
9
2008
For
The
Record
Quick
News
On
Alicia
Keys
Cameron
Diaz
Justin
Timberlake
Lance
Bass
Beyonc
amp
More
MTV
News
September
20
2006
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1541325
20060920
keys
alicia
jhtml
Retrieved
December
6
2008
Bream
Jon
April
25
2008
Alicia
Keys
From
near
breakdown
to
breakthrough
with
Yes
I
Am
PopMatters
http
www
popmatters
com
pm
article
alicia
keys
from
near
breakdown
to
breakthrough
with
yes
i
am
Retrieved
December
16
2008
Analyse
This
Alicia
Keys
singer
Daily
Mail
London
Associated
Newspapers
November
23
2008
http
www
dailymail
co
uk
femail
article
1088762
Alicia
Keys
price
fame
loss
inspired
latest
music
html
Retrieved
January
9
2009
Smokin
Aces
Tranforms
Alicia
Keys
from
Artist
to
Assassin
IGN
January
28
2007
http
movies
ign
com
articles
755
755255p1
html
Retrieved
December
10
2008
Carroll
Larry
January
2
2007
Alicia
Keys
Kills
Literally
In
Film
Debut
Smokin
Aces
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
movies
news
articles
1548928
story
jhtml
Retrieved
January
24
2009
Carroll
Larry
April
13
2006
Alicia
Keys
Works
Her
Hollywood
Mojo
Joins
Johansson
In
Nanny
Diaries
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
movies
news
articles
1528672
story
jhtml
Retrieved
December
10
2008
Cane
One
Man
is
an
Island
Yahoo
http
tv
yahoo
com
episode
151729
castcrew
Retrieved
December
6
2008
Harris
Chris
November
21
2007
Alicia
Keys
Lands
Fourth
Consecutive
1
On
Billboard
Chart
With
As
I
Am
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1574872
20071121
keys
alicia
jhtml
Retrieved
December
7
2008
Caulfield
Kieth
November
21
2007
Alicia
Keys
As
I
Am
Bows
Big
at
No
1
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
biz
bbbiz
content
display
charts
chart
alert
e3i3567e69804be692d4caf2cff3b560fea
Retrieved
December
7
2008
Cohen
Jonathan
November
21
2007
Keys
Storms
Chart
With
Mega
Selling
As
I
Am
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
keys
storms
chart
with
mega
selling
as
i
1003676535
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Celizic
Mike
April
27
2008
Alicia
Keys
kicks
off
TODAY
concert
series
msnbc
com
NBC
Universal
http
today
msnbc
msn
com
id
24238729
Retrieved
December
7
2008
Gold
and
Platinum
Recording
Industry
Association
of
America
http
www
riaa
com
goldandplatinumdata
php
resultpage
1
amp
table
SEARCH
RESULTS
amp
artist
Alicia
20Keys
amp
startMonth
1
amp
endMonth
1
amp
startYear
1958
amp
endYear
2009Artist
amp
perPage
25
Retrieved
January
4
2009
Alicia
Keys
Gears
Up
for
North
American
Leg
of
As
I
Am
Tour
Presented
By
Lexus
on
Reuters
Thomson
Reuters
April
16
2008
http
www
reuters
com
article
pressRelease
idUS230622
16
Apr
2008
PRN20080416
Retrieved
April
8
2009
Goodman
Dean
November
23
2008
R
amp
B
star
Chris
Brown
sweeps
American
Music
Awards
Reuters
Thomson
Reuters
http
ca
reuters
com
article
domesticNews
idUSTRE4AN0H620081124
Retrieved
December
7
2008
Bonson
Fred
October
18
2007
Chart
Beat
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
Inc
http
www
billboard
com
news
chart
beat
1003660178
story
Retrieved
August
3
2009
a
b
c
As
I
Am
Charts
amp
Awards
Billboard
Singles
Allmusic
http
www
allmusic
com
album
as
i
am
r1213242
charts
awards
billboard
single
Retrieved
November
2
2010
Graff
Gary
April
28
2008
Alicia
Mulls
Next
Album
New
Single
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
alicia
keys
mulls
next
album
new
single
1003795464
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Grammy
2008
Winners
List
MTV
News
February
10
2008
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1581272
20080210
story
jhtml
Retrieved
November
9
2008
Donahue
Ann
February
11
2008
Grammy
Performances
Meld
Classic
Contemporary
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
grammy
performances
meld
classic
contemporary
1003709145
story
Retrieved
August
1
2009
Reid
Shaheem
June
25
2008
Kanye
West
UGK
Win
Big
At
BET
Awards
But
Ne
Yo
Alicia
Keys
Lil
Wayne
Performances
Steal
The
Show
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1589931
20080625
fergie
4
jhtml
Retrieved
June
24
2008
Video
Alicia
Keys
and
Dove
R
Give
Women
a
Fresh
Take
on
Life
in
Their
Twenties
Reuters
Thomson
Reuters
March
24
2008
http
www
reuters
com
article
idUS76429
24
Mar
2008
PRN20080324
Retrieved
November
2
2010
OK
Interview
Alicia
Keys
OK
August
6
2008
http
www
okmagazine
com
2008
08
ok
interview
alicia
keys
8283
Retrieved
July
17
2009
Martin
Scorsese
Directs
Andre
Agassi
Sheryl
Crow
Ellen
DeGeneres
Alicia
Keys
and
Shaun
White
in
New
American
Express
R
Campaign
for
The
Members
Project
PR
Newswire
June
1
2007
http
www
prnewswire
com
cgi
bin
stories
pl
ACCT
104
amp
STORY
www
story
06
01
2007
0004600061
Retrieved
December
10
2008
Bray
Elisa
September
19
2008
First
Listen
Another
Way
To
Die
James
Bond
Theme
Jack
White
and
Alicia
Keys
The
Independent
London
Independent
News
amp
Media
http
www
independent
co
uk
arts
entertainment
music
reviews
first
listen
another
way
to
die
james
bond
theme
jack
white
and
alicia
keys
935406
html
Retrieved
January
17
2009
The
Billboard
Hot
100
All
Time
Top
Artists
80
61
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
bbcom
specials
hot100
charts
top100
artists
80
shtml
Retrieved
November
8
2008
Zeitchik
Steven
December
26
2007
Dakota
Fanning
and
Alicia
Keys
drawn
to
Bees
Reuters
Thomson
Reuters
http
www
reuters
com
article
idUSN2064532120071220
Retrieved
November
2
2010
40th
NAACP
Image
Awards
PDF
NAACP
January
7
2009
http
www
naacp
org
news
press
2009
01
07
40th
NIA
Nominees
Release
pdf
Retrieved
January
9
2009
The
51st
Annual
Grammy
Awards
Nominations
List
Grammy
http
www2
grammy
com
grammy
awards
51st
show
list
aspx
Retrieved
November
2
2010
Alicia
Keys
Backtracks
On
Gangsta
Rap
Conspiracy
Claims
The
Huffington
Post
April
15
2008
http
www
huffingtonpost
com
2008
04
15
alicia
keys
backtracks
on
n
96867
html
Retrieved
February
4
2009
Keys
sorry
for
tobacco
adverts
BBC
July
28
2008
http
news
bbc
co
uk
2
hi
entertainment
7529354
stm
Retrieved
July
28
2008
For
The
Record
Quick
News
On
Justin
Timberlake
Michael
Jackson
Britney
Spears
Snakes
On
A
Plane
amp
More
MTV
News
July
14
2006
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1536391
20060714
timberlake
justin
jhtml
Retrieved
December
9
2006
Elber
Lynn
January
18
2006
Alicia
Keys
forms
production
company
The
Seattle
Times
The
Seattle
Times
Company
http
seattletimes
nwsource
com
html
entertainment
2002745532
aliciakeys18
html
Retrieved
December
9
2006
Fleming
Michael
July
13
2006
Mouse
locking
up
Keys
Variety
Reed
Business
Information
http
www
variety
com
article
VR1117946792
html
categoryid
16
amp
cs
1
Retrieved
December
10
2008
Preview
Whitney
Houston
I
Look
to
You
Rap
Up
http
www
rap
up
com
2009
07
24
preview
whitney
houston
i
look
to
you
Retrieved
August
10
2009
Pietroluong
Silvio
November
19
2009
Jay
Z
Rules
Hot
100
Lady
Antebellum
Jumps
into
Top
10
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
news
jay
z
rules
hot
100
lady
antebellum
jumps
1004044405
story
Retrieved
November
22
2009
Billboard
Staff
2011
02
13
Grammys
2011
Winners
List
Billboard
http
www
billboard
com
news
grammys
2011
winners
list
1005032082
story
news
grammys
2011
winners
list
1005032082
story
Retrieved
2011
06
05
Mitchell
Gail
June
26
2009
Stargate
Tricky
Stewart
The
Dream
ASCAP
s
Top
Songwriters
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
biz
bbbiz
content
display
industry
e3i2c0d30928617f5ec2a961b09d785be34
Retrieved
June
27
2009
Looking
for
Paradise
Alejandro
Sanz
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
song
alejandro
sanz
looking
for
paradise
14253569
Retrieved
April
5
2010
a
b
Alicia
Keys
Will
Wait
for
Freedom
Rap
Up
http
www
rap
up
com
2009
10
25
alicia
keys
will
wait
for
freedom
Retrieved
October
26
2009
Caulfield
Keith
December
23
2009
Susan
Boyle
Blocks
Alicia
Keys
From
No
1
on
Billboard
200
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
susan
boyle
blocks
alicia
keys
from
no
1
1004055332
story
Retrieved
December
23
2009
Alicia
Keys
to
perform
at
Jazz
Fest
Cayman
News
Service
May
11
2009
http
www
caymannewsservice
com
local
news
2009
05
11
alicia
keys
perform
jazz
fest
Retrieved
May
12
2009
George
Raphael
December
18
2009
Alicia
Keys
named
top
R
amp
B
artist
of
decade
Reuters
http
uk
reuters
com
article
idUKTRE5BH5HN20091218
Retrieved
February
11
2010
Best
of
the
2000s
Artists
of
the
Decade
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
charts
decade
end
artists
of
the
decade
year
2009
charts
decade
end
artists
of
the
decade
year
2009
Retrieved
December
12
2009
Best
of
the
2000s
Hot
100
Songs
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
charts
decade
end
artists
of
the
decade
year
2009
charts
decade
end
hot
100
songs
year
2009
Retrieved
December
12
2009
Sexton
Paul
February
8
2010
Alicia
Keys
Scores
First
U
K
No
1
Album
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
alicia
keys
scores
first
u
k
no
1
album
1004065738
story
Retrieved
February
10
2010
Alicia
Keys
dating
rapper
The
Boston
Globe
2009
05
18
http
www
boston
com
ae
celebrity
articles
2009
05
18
alicia
keys
dating
rapper
Retrieved
2009
12
04
Laudadio
Marisa
May
27
2010
Alicia
Keys
and
Swizz
Beatz
Are
Engaged
and
Expecting
People
Time
http
www
people
com
people
article
0
20389363
00
html
Retrieved
May
27
2010
Alicia
Keys
and
Swizz
Beatz
Receive
Zulu
Blessing
in
Africa
Rap
Up
http
www
rap
up
com
2010
06
22
alicia
keys
and
swizz
beatz
receive
zulu
blessing
in
africa
Retrieved
August
2
2010
Baertlein
Lisa
August
2
2010
Alicia
Keys
Marries
Swizz
Beatz
Billboard
Nielsen
Business
Media
http
www
billboard
com
news
alicia
keys
marries
swizz
beatz
in
france
1004107126
story
news
alicia
keys
marries
swizz
beatz
in
france
1004107126
story
Retrieved
August
2
2010
Serpe
Gina
August
1
2010
Call
Her
Mrs
Beatz
Alicia
Keys
Weds
EOnline
EOnline
http
au
eonline
com
uberblog
b193211
call
her
mrs
beatz
alicia
keys
weds
html
Retrieved
August
1
2010
Greer
Carlos
October
15
2010
Alicia
Keys
Has
a
Baby
Boy
People
People
http
www
people
com
people
article
0
20434638
00
html
xid
rss
topheadlines
Retrieved
October
15
2010
James
Dinh
April
13
2011
Alicia
Keys
Announces
10th
Anniversary
Edition
Of
Songs
In
A
Minor
MTV
News
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1661882
alicia
keys
songs
in
a
minor
concert
jhtml
Retrieved
July
10
2011
Kaufman
Gil
2011
06
28
Alicia
Keys
Heads
To
Broadway
Music
Celebrity
Artist
News
MTV
http
www
mtv
com
news
articles
1666508
alicia
keys
stick
fly
broadway
jhtml
Retrieved
2011
11
24
Zakarin
Jordan
March
29
2011
Project
Five
Jennifer
Aniston
Alicia
Keys
Demi
Moore
Directing
Film
For
Lifetime
Huffingtonpost
com
http
www
huffingtonpost
com
2011
03
29
project
five
jennifer
aniston
n
842136
html
Retrieved
2011
11
24
Alicia
Keys
Debuts
A
Place
Of
My
Own
At
iHeartRadio
Music
Festival
Music
News
Reviews
and
Gossip
on
Idolator
com
2011
09
24
http
idolator
com
6024002
alicia
keys
debuts
a
place
of
my
own
Retrieved
2011
11
24
Google
News
News
google
com
br
http
news
google
com
br
news
more
hl
en
amp
q
A
Place
Of
My
Own
amp
gs
upl
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amp
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on
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or
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amp
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amp
oi
news
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ct
more
results
amp
resnum
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amp
ved
0CCgQqgIwAA
Retrieved
2011
11
24
RCA
s
New
Executive
Team
Named
Under
CEO
Peter
Edge
Amid
Layoffs
Update
Billboard
biz
2011
08
23
http
www
billboard
biz
bbbiz
industry
record
labels
rca
s
new
executive
team
named
under
ceo
1005324782
story
Retrieved
2011
11
24
Radio
Industry
News
Music
Industry
Updates
Arbitron
Ratings
Music
News
and
more
FMQB
http
www
fmqb
com
article
asp
id
2268707
Retrieved
2011
11
24
Kleinman
Jacob
Whitney
Houston
Funeral
Alicia
Keys
Performs
Send
Me
an
Angel
International
Business
Times
http
www
ibtimes
com
articles
300933
20120218
whintey
houston
funeral
alicia
keys
angel
video
htm
Retrieved
19
February
2012
Keys
to
Success
People
Time
August
27
2001
http
www
people
com
people
archive
article
0
20135193
00
html
Retrieved
February
4
2009
Fiore
Raymond
April
21
2006
Opening
Doors
Entertainment
Weekly
Time
http
www
ew
com
ew
article
0
1186026
00
html
Retrieved
February
14
2009
Horan
Tom
November
29
2003
CD
of
the
week
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
by
Alicia
Keys
The
Daily
Telegraph
London
News
Limited
http
www
telegraph
co
uk
culture
music
rockandjazzmusic
3607474
CD
of
the
week
The
Diary
of
Alicia
Keys
by
Alicia
Keys
html
Retrieved
July
2
2009
a
b
c
Pareles
Jon
September
9
2007
A
Neo
Soul
Star
as
She
Is
Nurturing
Her
Inner
Rebel
The
New
York
Times
The
New
York
Times
Company
pp
1
2
http
www
nytimes
com
2007
09
09
arts
music
09pare
html
Retrieved
February
14
2009
MacDonald
Patrick
September
19
2008
Six
years
after
Minor
success
Alicia
Keys
is
a
major
star
The
Seattle
Times
The
Seattle
Times
Company
http
seattletimes
nwsource
com
html
musicnightlife
2008188607
keys19
html
Retrieved
March
13
2009
Neal
Mark
Anthony
Song
in
A
Minor
A
Major
Debut
PopMatters
http
www
popmatters
com
music
reviews
k
keysalicia
songs
shtml
Retrieved
February
4
2009
a
b
Pareles
Jon
November
13
2007
Alicia
Keys
As
I
Am
on
Blender
Blender
Alpha
Media
Group
http
www
blender
com
guide
new
54849
as
i
am
html
Retrieved
February
4
2009
dead
link
Brown
Marisa
As
I
Am
Overview
Allmusic
http
www
allmusic
com
album
r1213242
Retrieved
November
2
2010
Ratliff
Ben
December
13
2009
News
CDs
from
Alicia
Keys
Timbaland
and
Jimmy
Buffett
Review
The
New
York
Times
The
New
York
Times
Company
http
www
nytimes
com
2009
12
14
arts
music
14choi
html
Retrieved
December
14
2009
Alicia
Keys
and
the
Freedom
of
love
Houston
Chronicle
Hearst
Corporation
December
14
2009
http
blogs
chron
com
peep
2009
12
alicia
keys
and
the
freedom
of
1
html
Retrieved
December
14
2009
Alicia
Keys
Wraps
Up
Busy
Year
With
Awards
Hit
CD
Tour
And
Poetry
Book
Jet
Johnson
Publishing
Company
106
24
61
2004
http
books
google
com
id
F78DAAAAMBAJ
amp
pg
PA58
amp
dq
alicia
keys
voice
PPA61
M1
Retrieved
December
25
2008
a
b
Alicia
Keys
Soul
princess
The
Independent
London
Independent
News
amp
Media
November
18
2005
http
www
independent
co
uk
arts
entertainment
music
features
alicia
keys
soul
princess
515710
html
Retrieved
December
25
2008
Alicia
Keys
Album
review
Blender
Blender
February
12
2003
http
www
blender
com
guide
new
51866
diary
alicia
keys
html
Retrieved
May
18
2009
dead
link
Alicia
Keys
She
sings
she
acts
she
smoulders
Canwest
News
Service
Canwest
Mediaworks
Publications
October
15
2008
http
www
canada
com
ottawacitizen
story
html
id
f04af0a4
3aa8
477c
b783
903549139ac3
Retrieved
April
16
2009
a
b
c
d
Freedom
du
Lac
J
November
13
2007
Alicia
Keys
Still
Warming
Up
The
Washington
Post
The
Washington
Post
Company
http
www
washingtonpost
com
wp
dyn
content
article
2007
11
12
AR2007111201967
html
Retrieved
December
7
2008
a
b
c
Kot
Greg
November
11
2007
Drab
production
keeps
Alicia
Keys
promise
unfulfilled
Chicago
Tribune
Tribune
Company
http
leisureblogs
chicagotribune
com
turn
it
up
2007
11
drab
production
html
Retrieved
February
14
2009
a
b
Tate
Gregory
Stephen
November
20
2007
Extensions
of
a
Woman
The
Village
Voice
New
Times
Media
pp
1
2
http
www
villagevoice
com
2007
11
20
music
extensions
of
a
woman
Retrieved
February
14
2009
a
b
Hunkin
Joanna
December
8
2008
Review
Kylie
checks
out
Alicia
Keys
in
concert
The
New
Zealand
Herald
APN
News
amp
Media
http
www
nzherald
co
nz
entertainment
news
article
cfm
c
id
1501119
amp
objectid
10546900
Retrieved
December
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sleigh bells
From
Wikipedia
the
free
encyclopedia
Redirected
from
Sleigh
bells
Jump
to
navigation
search
Sleigh
bells
redirects
here
For
the
Brooklyn
based
music
duo
see
Sleigh
Bells
For
the
song
see
Jingle
Bells
For
the
concert
held
by
95
8
Capital
FM
see
Jingle
Bell
Ball
This
article
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December
2009
Some
jingle
bellsA
jingle
bell
or
sleigh
bell
is
a
type
of
bell
which
produces
a
distinctive
jingle
sound
especially
in
large
numbers
They
find
use
in
many
areas
as
a
percussion
instrument
including
the
classic
sleigh
bell
sound
and
morris
dancing
They
are
typically
used
as
a
cheaper
alternative
to
small
classic
bells
Sleigh
bells
as
a
musical
instrumentThe
simplest
jingle
bells
are
produced
from
a
single
piece
of
sheet
metal
bent
into
a
roughly
spherical
shape
to
contain
a
small
ball
bearing
or
short
piece
of
metal
rod
This
method
of
production
results
in
the
classic
two
or
four
leaved
shape
Two
halves
may
also
be
crimped
together
resulting
in
a
ridge
around
the
middle
A
glass
marble
may
also
be
used
as
the
ringer
on
larger
bells
Jingle
bells
are
commonly
used
on
Christmas
decorations
or
as
Christmas
ornaments
of
themselves
or
hung
around
the
neck
like
a
necklace
They
can
also
be
strung
onto
a
heavy
wire
and
bent
into
a
wreath
shape
usually
with
a
metal
bow
Rather
than
the
cross
shaped
opening
in
the
bottom
other
designs
may
by
cut
into
the
bell
such
as
a
snowflake
Small
designs
like
stars
may
also
be
cut
into
the
upper
part
of
the
bell
Jingle
Bells
is
possibly
the
best
known
Christmas
song
Like
many
Christmas
decorations
jingle
bells
are
also
made
in
versions
for
other
holidays
such
as
a
jack
o
lantern
for
Halloween
vdeBellsBackground
and
terminologybellbellfoundingbell
towerbell
ringercampanologychurch
bellcampanilering
of
bellsstrike
tonezvonnitsaBell
founders
and
foundriesAndrey
ChokhovBilbie
familyFranciscus
IllenfeldGeert
van
WouGillett
amp
JohnstonJohn
Taylor
amp
CoKashpir
GanusovMcShane
Bell
FoundryMeneely
Bell
FoundryPetit
amp
FritsenRoyal
Eijsbouts
bell
foundryWhitechapel
Bell
FoundryTypesagog
altar
bellbabendilbianzhongcarillonchimecowbellcrotal
belldead
belldoorbelld
takuglockenspielhandbelljingle
bellkanepyeonjongsinging
bowlsuzutintinnabulumtubular
bellsBellringingbell
patternBlagovestBolognese
bell
ringing
artchange
ringingCanpan
Doubles
bells
Grandsiremethod
ringingpealRussian
Orthodox
bell
ringingNotable
bellsList
of
heaviest
bellsBalangiga
bellsBig
BenGreat
Bell
of
DhammazediLiberty
BellMingun
BellSigismund
BellSt
PetersglockeSwan
BellsTom
TowerTsar
BellWorld
Peace
BellRetrieved
from
http
en
wikipedia
org
w
index
php
title
Jingle
bell
amp
oldid
476869610
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